Lancaster is an English surname. Notable People with the surname include:
- Alan Lancaster (1949–2021), English bassist
- Amber Lancaster (born 1980), American actress and model
- Benjamin Lancaster (1801–1887), British pharmacist
- Bill Lancaster (aviator) (1898–1933), British aviator
- Bill Lancaster (1947–1997), American screenwriter
- Brett Lancaster, professional cyclist
- Burt Lancaster (1913–1994), American actor
- Callum Lancaster, English rugby league footballer
- Cameron Lancaster, English football player
- David Lancaster (disambiguation), multiple people
- Don Lancaster, American author and inventor
- Ernie Lancaster (1953–2014), American blues guitarist and songwriter
- Geoffrey Lancaster, Australian classical pianist and conductor
- Harry Lancaster, American basketball and baseball coach
- Jack Lancaster, British Rally Driver 2020-
- James Lancaster, prominent Elizabethan trader and privateer in India
- Jason Lancaster, American musician
- John L. Lancaster, a mathematical economist and professor of economics at Columbia University
- Joseph Lancaster (1778–1838), English Quaker and public education innovator
- Kelvin Lancaster (1924–1999), Australian economist
- Les Lancaster, professional baseball player in the Major Leagues
- Lilian Lancaster (1852-1939), British creator of anthropomorphic maps
- Lilian Lancaster (1886-1973), artist and teacher
- Mark Lancaster (disambiguation), multiple people
- Marshall Lancaster (born 1974), English actor
- Martin Lancaster (born 1943), American politician
- Nancy Lancaster, 20th-century tastemaker and owner of a British decorating firm
- Osbert Lancaster (1908–1986), English cartoonist, author, art critic and stage designer
- Penny Lancaster (born 1971), English model
- Robert S. Lancaster (1958–2019), American skeptic
- Ron Lancaster, football player, coach and general manager in the CFL
- Roy Lancaster, UK TV gardener, author and plant hunter
- Sarah Lancaster (born 1980), American actress
- Sophie Lancaster (1986–2007), British murder victim
- Spear Lancaster, American politician
- Stuart Lancaster (born 1969), rugby union coach
- Tyler Lancaster (born 1994), American football player
- William Lancaster, pseudonym for John Byrne Leicester Warren, 3rd Baron De Tabley, poet and author
- William Lancaster (anthropologist) (1938–2022), British anthropologist
- William Lancaster (cricketer) (1873–1938), English cricketer
- William de Lancaster I (died c.1170), English nobleman