Lankapura Dandanatha, more commonly referred to as simply Lankapura, was a Senapati of the Sinhala Army during the reign of King Parakramabahu I. He led an expeditionary force to South India in support of the Pandyan king Parakrama Pandyan I, bringing parts of Pandya Nadu under their control.[1] Lankapura succeeded in restoring the Pandyan prince to the throne, and ordered the use of Sri Lankan currency in areas under his and Pandyan prince control.
Lankapura Dandanatha | |
|---|---|
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Polonnaruwa |
| Service | Sinhala Army |
| Battles / wars | Pandyan Civil War (1169-1177) |
Name
editLankapura was the son of Lankadhinatha Kitti, a regional ruler. His real name is unclear. Dandanatha may have been his real name, and Lankapura a title.[2] However, some sources refer to him as Dandanatha of Lankapura, indicating that Lankapura was in fact a place name, likely referring to the region of Lanka,[3] wheres pura means place.[1] It is also possible that Lankapura was the actual given name, and Dandanatha was a title. However, most sources, both modern and ancient, refer to him commonly as Lankapura.[4]
Invasion
editThe Pandyan king Parakrama Pandya sought assistance from cousin Parakramabahu I in 1167 to face an internal strife in his country.[5] Parakramabahu prepared an army, and appointed Senapati (General) Lankapura as its commander. However, by the time Lankapura and his army reached the port of Mahatittha (Mannar) in the north west of Sri Lanka, Parakrama Pandya had been killed by his rival Kulasekhara Pandya.[1]
Despite this setback, Lankapura proceeded with an invasion to dethrone Kulasekhara Pandya. This was possibly launched in 1173. After sailing for a "day and night", his army landed in South India. He attacked Rameswaram and captured it after several battles.[6] Lankapura fought with and defeated the Pandyan army in several towns and villages after this, and established a fortress at Kundukaal and named it Parakramapura after the king of Sri Lanka.[7]
A counterattack by Kulasekhara Pandya on this fortress was repelled back, and Vira Pandya, Parakrama Pandya's son later joined up with Lankapura. The army of Lankapura continued to march forward and came to a stronghold named Semponmari.[1] Semponmari, a great stronghold that the armies of the Chola Kingdom had failed to capture after a siege of two years, was captured by Sri Lankan forces commanded by Lankapura in around half a day .[6] Parakramabahu sent another General named Jagath Vijaya to assist Lankapura in another battle against Kulasekhara Pandya who had returned with reinforcements, and they defeated him again.[1] The throne was handed over to Vira Pandya. Lankapura went on to capture several more towns and villages including the city of Madura.[6]
End of invasion
editKulasekhara Pandya subsequently obtained assistance from the Cholas and returned to fight Lankapura's army again. However, Lankapura defeated them again. He ordered the Sri Lankan currency of Kahapana to be used in the areas under his control.Then came news from Pilai Pallavarayar that the pradhunis including Jayadratha and Lankapuri dandandyakas and the entire force from Ceylon had sustained defeat. Rajadhiraja II then responded by sending his commander Thiruchitrambalamudaiyan Perumanambi along with a strong army with specific instructions to kill Lankapura and Jagad Vijaya of the Polonnaruwa Army and hang their heads from the gates of the palace of Madurai.[8]
Pallavarayar alias Tirucirrambalamudaiyan perumanambi, who was entrusted with these tasks, entertained Kulasekhara suitably during his stay in the Cola country, and having with his army, resources and zeal, brought about the reconquest of the Pandiyan kingdom, he carried out his master’s orders to the letter by nailing the heads of Lankapuri-dandanayaka and others(other Soldiers) to the gates of Madura.[8]
Ancient Sri Lankan sources say that Lankapura returned to Sri Lanka after his victory, and was welcomed by Parakramabahu I as a great war hero and was well rewarded.[6][9] There can be no doubt, for instance, that in the report of Parakkamabahu I's campaigns in Southern India, Dhammakitti suppresses the fact of the failure which overtook the expedition after its first success.[10] The Ceylon account is certainly one sided, and describes the war in true epic fashion. The victory is all in favour of the Ceylonese generals, and yet we find ultimately Vira Pandya does not find himself settled upon his throne firmly, ruling over the country subjugated to his authority.[6] The indian prisoners of war captured by Lankapura's army were sent to Sri Lanka to repair the Ruwanweli Seya and other buildings damaged by earlier Chola invasions of the country.[11]
However, Chola inscriptions (such as the Arapakkam inscription[12][13]) claims that he was defeated and the heads of Lankapura , Jagath Vijaya and other soldiers were nailed to the gates of Madura.[5] After Lankapura's death or return to Sri Lanka, the forces of the Sri Lankan king were defeated by Kulasekhara Pandya who ultimately regains the throne.[6] The war thus ended in favour of the Cholas, sometime in the 1170s.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Wijesooriya, S. (2006). A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa. Participatory Development Forum. p. 123. ISBN 955-9140-31-0.
- ^ Geiger, Wilhelm (1996). Culavamsa Being The More Recent Part Of Mahavamsa. Asian Educational Services. p. 305. ISBN 978-81-206-0430-8.
- ^ Sri Lanka in Early Indian Inscriptions. p. 5
- ^ Siriweera, W. I. (2004). History of Sri Lanka. Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company. p. 57. ISBN 955-551-257-4.
- ^ a b Mendis, G. C. (1996). Early History of Ceylon. Asian Educational Services. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-81-206-0209-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g Aiyangar, Krishnaswami S. (1991). South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders. Asian Educational Services. pp. 3–10, 42, 105. ISBN 978-81-206-0536-7.
- ^ Karunathilake, Halaliye (2007-11-11). "Commander Lankapura". The Sunday Times. ISSN 1391-0531. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ a b Sastry, Nilakanda. Colas. pp. 368–372.
- ^ Wright, Arnold (1999). Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources. Asian Educational Services. p. 37. ISBN 978-81-206-1335-5.
- ^ GEIGER, WILH. "The Trustworthiness of Mahavamsa". THE Indian Historical Quarterly: 215–216.
- ^ Blaze, Louis Edmund (1995). The story of Lanka: outlines of the history of Ceylon from the earliest times to the coming of the Portuguese. Asian Educational Services. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-81-206-1074-3.
- ^ S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1979). Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280). Mudgala Trust. p. 255. OCLC 847060842.
- ^ Siba Pada Sen (1976). The North and the South in Indian History. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 5. OCLC 557834681.