Lateral bodies are structures that sit on the concave sides of the viral core of a poxvirus and is surrounded by a membrane.[1] They serve as immunomodulatory delivery packets, and membrane cloaking to spread poxviruses.[2] They were first visualized using electron microscopy in 1956 and shortly after, it was shown that they detach from the viral core upon membrane fusion.[3][4]
Lateral body proteins
editLateral bodies are made up of at least three proteins, phosphoprotein F17, dual-specificity phosphatase H1 and the viral oxidoreductase G4.[5] F17 is the main structural protein and may play a role in modulating cellular immune response through MAPK signaling pathways.[6] H1 dephosphorylates STAT1 to prevent nuclear transcription and block IFNy-induced immune signaling. [5] Finally, G4 is essential for viral morphogenesis.[5] Additionally, the proteins packed in lateral bodies are redox proteins, which modulates the host oxidative response impacting early gene expression and virion production. [7]
References
edit- ^ Bidgood, Susanna R. (2019-01-30). "Continued poxvirus research: From foe to friend". PLOS Biology. 17 (1): e3000124. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000124. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6370227. PMID 30699104.
- ^ Bidgood, Susanna R.; Mercer, Jason (2015-08-21). "Cloak and Dagger: Alternative Immune Evasion and Modulation Strategies of Poxviruses". Viruses. 7 (8): 4800–4825. doi:10.3390/v7082844. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 4576205. PMID 26308043.
- ^ Peters, D. (1956-12-29). "Morphology of resting vaccinia virus". Nature. 178 (4548): 1453–1455. doi:10.1038/1781453a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13387736. S2CID 2136476.
- ^ Dales, Samuel (1963-07-01). "The uptake and development of vaccinia virus in strain L cells followed with labeled viral deoxyribonucleic acid". The Journal of Cell Biology. 18 (1): 51–72. doi:10.1083/jcb.18.1.51. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2106286. PMID 14024720.
- ^ a b c Schmidt, Florian Ingo; Bleck, Christopher Karl Ernst; Reh, Lucia; Novy, Karel; Wollscheid, Bernd; Helenius, Ari; Stahlberg, Henning; Mercer, Jason (2013-08-15). "Vaccinia virus entry is followed by core activation and proteasome-mediated release of the immunomodulatory effector VH1 from lateral bodies". Cell Reports. 4 (3): 464–476. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.028. hdl:20.500.11850/70158. ISSN 2211-1247. PMID 23891003. S2CID 27275011.
- ^ Wickramasekera, Nadi T.; Traktman, Paula (July 2010). "Structure/Function Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus F18 Phosphoprotein, an Abundant Core Component Required for Virion Maturation and Infectivity". Journal of Virology. 84 (13): 6846–6860. doi:10.1128/JVI.00399-10. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2903294. PMID 20392848.
- ^ Bidgood, Susanna; Novy, Karel; Collopy, Abigail; Albrecht, David; Krause, Melanie; Burden, Jemima; Wollscheid, Bernd; Mercer, Jason (2020). "Poxviruses package viral redox proteins in lateral bodies and modulate the host oxidative respons". doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418319. hdl:20.500.11850/559984. S2CID 229293533.
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