Lautropia mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile bacterium of the genus Lautropia and family Burkholderiaceae, isolated from the mouth of children who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus.[3][4][5]
| Lautropia mirabilis | |
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| Species: | L. mirabilis
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| Binomial name | |
| Lautropia mirabilis Gerner-Smidt et al. 1995[1]
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| Type strain | |
| AB2188, ATCC 51599, CCM 4470, CCUG 34794, CIP 106317, DSM 11362, NCTC 12852[2] | |
Description and significance
editLautropia mirabilis is a gram-negative, polymorphic, motile, coccoid bacteria,[6] that is most commonly found in the human oral cavity and the upper respiratory tract. It was first isolated in 1930 and it was identified as Sarcina mirabilis. However, its status as a unique species was not proposed until 1994, when it was rediscovered in samples from the gingival margins of healthy human patients.[6] Its status as a new species was validated in 1995 by the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.[7]
L. mirabilis can be grown on all non-selective media except for egg yolk agar. Furthermore, when L. mirabilis is inoculated onto selective media, no growth can be observed. When grown in a broth culture, granules are typically observed loosely adhering to the side of the tube. The species is a mesophile, with optimum growth restricted between 30 and 44 °C. As a facultative anaerobe, L. mirabilis is capable of growing in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; however it grows best under aerobic conditions.
Three colony morphologies can be observed when the bacteria is cultured on solid media. Younger colonies tend to form a flat and dry, circular morphology. After one day however, the predominant form is a larger and more wrinkled morphology. The third colony type is smooth, shiny and round with mucoid surrounding it.
Under a light microscope, three cellular morphologies can be observed from L mirabilis. The first, a capsulated cocci approximately 1 to 2 μm in diameter, is the most common morphology, independent of the age of the culture. The second is a motile cocci that is also 1 to 2 μm in diameter. It is typically found on the edge of a colony after one day of culture. Between three and nine flagella project out from the cell wall in a lophotrichous fashion. Finally, the third morphology is similar to a sphaeroblast. It is 5 to 10 μm in diameter, and it is typically found in older cultures.
L. mirabilis has been isolated from the cavities of children infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus [8] and the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients.[9] Despite these findings, numerous studies have also found that the bacterium is more commonly found in healthier patients when compared to patients with periodontitis.[10][11][12] These studies suggest L. mirabilis plays a role in multiple human diseases; however, further research is required to understand the functional and mechanistic role of this microorganism in these diseases.
Genome structure
editThe linear DNA genome of Lautropia mirabilis type strain ATCC 51599 is completely sequenced. There is only one chromosome which has a length of approximately 3.15 Mb,[13] and no plasmids have been discovered.[6] This genome size is small compared to other species in the same order, like Burkholderiales, which may account for its symbiont relationship with humans.[14] The genome has a total of 2,498 protein coding genes and the GC content accounts for 65.5%.[13] There are 41 tRNAs and 51 pseudo genes were identified.[13]
Cell structure and metabolism
editAs a gram negative bacteria, the thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched by three layers on either side can be observed with an electron microscope.[6][8] Moreover, the majority of the bacteria within an established colony have a membranous layer that exists between cells. Many fine, Electron-dense granules can typically be observed in the bacteria.[8]
L. mirabilis is normally isolated from human dental plaque. Within these plaques, the bacteria typically lives with a variety of other bacteria in a supragingival or subgingival biofilm. Although the numbers for gram negative bacteria begin to dominate with the development of gingivitis, L. mirabilis numbers decrease.[12]
L. mirabilis displays a pleomorphic nature that includes morphologies with and without flagellum. The bacteria is shown to include between three and nine flagellum projecting from a single point of the cell wall.[6] This morphology is consistent with bacteria with lophotrichous flagella which uses it for motile transport.[15] No research has been done to elucidate the utility of the flagellum or lack thereof.
L. mirabilis is a facultative anaerobe. It is capable of fermenting glucose, fructose, sucrose and mannitol.[16] The bacteria grows best under aerobic conditions; however, no research on aerobic-specific respiration pathways has been done. The bacteria is positive for oxidase, catalase and urease. Additionally, it is capable of reducing nitrate and nitrite.[6]
Ecology
editThe habitat of L. mirabilis is the gingival margins of the human oral cavity. As a facultative anaerobe, it is capable of living in any location of a biofilm. The microbe appears to be exclusive to the human oral microbiome. The relationship is potentially symbiotic due to its presence in dental plaque as well as its significant presence in typically healthy patients.
Pathology
editThe presence of L. mirabilis has been linked to HIV-positive children as well as the sputum of one cystic fibrosis patient. The use of antibiotics has shown to effectively reduce the growth of the bacteria inside the oral cavity.
Application to biotechnology
editThere are currently no biotechnological applications for this microorganisms. The organism is known to actively produce polysaccharide when inoculated on sucrose sugar agar plates.[6]
Current research
editThere have been no recent research that is focused on L. mirabilis. There have been, however, a number of recent studies that identified the bacteria in healthy patients without periodontitis and gingivitis.
References
edit- ^ List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/lautropia
- ^ Straininfo of Lautropia mirabilis http://www.straininfo.net/strains/125224
- ^ Gerner-Smidt, P; Keiser-Nielsen, H; Dorsch, M; Stackebrandt, E; Ursing, J; Blom, J; Christensen, AC; Christensen, JJ; Frederiksen, W; Hoffmann, S (Jul 1994). "Lautropia mirabilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a gram-negative motile coccus with unusual morphology isolated from the human mouth". Microbiology. 140 (7): 1787–97. doi:10.1099/13500872-140-7-1787. PMID 8075812.
- ^ UTHealth http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/uthdb_docs/2/
- ^ Taxonomy Browser http://www.ccug.se/exlink/taxon_browser.cfm?search=Lautropia%20mirabilis
- ^ a b c d e f g GERNER-SMIDT, P.; KEISER-NIELSEN, H.; DORSCH, M.; STACKEBRANDT, E.; URSING, J.; BLOM, J.; CHRISTENSEN, A. C.; CHRISTENSEN, J. J.; FREDERIKSEN, W. (1994). "Lautropia mirabilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative motile coccus with unusual morphology isolated from the human mouth". Microbiology. 140 (7): 1787–1797. doi:10.1099/13500872-140-7-1787. PMID 8075812.
- ^ "Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 45 (2): 418–419. 1995. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-2-418.
- ^ a b c Rossmann, S. N.; Wilson, P. H.; Hicks, J.; Carter, B.; Cron, S. G.; Simon, C.; Flaitz, C. M.; Demmler, G. J.; Shearer, W. T. (June 1998). "Isolation of Lautropia mirabilis from oral cavities of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 36 (6): 1756–1760. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.6.1756-1760.1998. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 104914. PMID 9620414.
- ^ Ben Dekhil, S. M.; Peel, M. M.; Lennox, V. A.; Stackebrandt, E.; Sly, L. I. (April 1997). "Isolation of Lautropia mirabilis from sputa of a cystic fibrosis patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35 (4): 1024–1026. doi:10.1128/jcm.35.4.1024-1026.1997. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 229729. PMID 9157124.
- ^ Shaddox, L.M.; Huang, H.; Lin, T.; Hou, W.; Harrison, P.L.; Aukhil, I.; Walker, C.B.; Klepac-Ceraj, V.; Paster, B.J. (2012-08-03). "Microbiological Characterization in Children with Aggressive Periodontitis". Journal of Dental Research. 91 (10): 927–933. doi:10.1177/0022034512456039. PMC 3446830. PMID 22863892.
- ^ Colombo, Ana Paula V.; Bennet, Susan; Cotton, Sean L.; Goodson, J. Max; Kent, Ralph; Haffajee, Anne D.; Socransky, Sigmund S.; Hasturk, Hatice; Van Dyke, Thomas E. (2012-02-10). "Impact of Periodontal Therapy on the Subgingival Microbiota of Severe Periodontitis: Comparison Between Good Responders and Individuals With Refractory Periodontitis Using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray". Journal of Periodontology. 83 (10): 1279–1287. doi:10.1902/jop.2012.110566. ISSN 0022-3492. PMC 3971922. PMID 22324467.
- ^ a b Huang, Shi; Yang, Fang; Zeng, Xiaowei; Chen, Jie; Li, Rui; Wen, Ting; Li, Chun; Wei, Wei; Liu, Jiquan (2011-12-12). "Preliminary characterization of the oral microbiota of Chinese adults with and without gingivitis". BMC Oral Health. 11: 33. doi:10.1186/1472-6831-11-33. ISSN 1472-6831. PMC 3254127. PMID 22152152.
- ^ a b c "Lautropia mirabilis (ID 3166) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
- ^ Voronina, Olga L.; Kunda, Marina S.; Ryzhova, Natalia N.; Aksenova, Ekaterina I.; Semenov, Andrey N.; Lasareva, Anna V.; Amelina, Elena L.; Chuchalin, Alexandr G.; Lunin, Vladimir G. (2015). "The Variability of the Order Burkholderiales Representatives in the Healthcare Units". BioMed Research International. 2015: 680210. doi:10.1155/2015/680210. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4465658. PMID 26114111.
- ^ Kodaka, H.; Armfield, A. Y.; Lombard, G. L.; Dowell, V. R. (November 1982). "Practical procedure for demonstrating bacterial flagella". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 16 (5): 948–952. doi:10.1128/jcm.16.5.948-952.1982. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 272507. PMID 6185531.
- ^ Daneshvar, M. I.; Douglas, M. P.; Weyant, R. S. (November 2001). "Cellular fatty acid composition of Lautropia mirabilis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (11): 4160–4162. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.11.4160-4162.2001. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 88505. PMID 11682548.