Between 1914 and either 1963 (Kitaa) or 1974 (Avannaa and Tunu), Danish law deemed the children of unmarried Greenlandic women legally fatherless (Danish: juridisk faderløse): having no right to know or inherit from their biological fathers. Many of the fathers were Danish, so the laws, in effect, racially segregated Danish men from their responsibilities and duties in Greenlandic society. Legally-imposed racial segregation existed in some form in Greenland throughout Danish colonial rule, including laws prohibiting miscegenation.
An investigative report, commissioned by the Danish government, was released in 2011. Three years later, legally fatherless children were awarded the right to sue for paternity and inherit property from their fathers. As of 2023, legal proceedings by some legally fatherless against the Danish state have begun.
Background and laws
editPrior to and during the period of the legal fatherlessness laws, Denmark was the colonial ruler of Greenland.[1] Throughout its rule, Denmark instituted a system racially segregating Danish society from Greenlandic society, including laws prohibiting miscegenation and certain kinds of relationships between Danish men and Greenlandic Inuit women.[1] Throughout the twentieth century, but particularly in the 1950s and 1960s,[2] Danish men temporarily settled in Greenland and fathered children with Greenlandic women.[1] Since their settlement was temporary, many men ultimately left behind children without fathers.[3]
Early colonial laws (including a 1782 rule and an 1873 revision) required Danish men to pay an annual fee to support their illegitimate children.[4] Between 1890 and 1910, the support rules varied considerably.[5]
In 1914, Denmark began creating a system of legal fatherlessness, where the children of unwed Greenlandic mothers had no right to know or inherit from their fathers.[1] The laws shielded many Danish men from having any responsibility for their Greenlandic children.[1] In effect, they were segregationist.[1] The laws lasted until 1963 in Kitaa, and were repealed in Avannaa and Tunu in 1974.[6] Hundreds of legally fatherless children were born before the laws were replaced.[7] One estimate in 2016 suggests between 5,000 and 8,000 children were born legally fatherless.[8]
Activism
editIn 2009, Anne Sofie Hardenberg released an autobiography of her experiences as a legally fatherless child (Kampen for en Far, English: The Fight for a Father), and an organization for the legally fatherless was formed, Kattuffik Ataata.[9] The next year, the Danish government hired historians from Denmark and Greenland to investigate the issue; their report was published in 2011.[9]
Due to activism and demands by Greenlandic politicians, Denmark fully reversed the legal fatherlessness provisions in 2014.[1] The new law granted the right of Greenlandic children of unwed mothers to inherit from their fathers and sue for paternity.[1] In 2019, some 4.7 million kroner (roughly USD$700,000) was set aside by Denmark for psychological and legal assistance for the legally fatherless, though much of it has not been used.[10]
They continue to press for compensation; one group of 26 legally fatherless persons, represented by the same lawyer representing the little Danes experiment survivors (Mads Pramming),[6] demanded DKK 125,000 kroner in 2022 (roughly USD$19,000).[11] In April 2023, the Danish government refused to compensate the group.[8] That year, legal proceedings by 26 legally fatherless people began against the state.[12] The Danish Ministry of Justice guaranteed their trial would proceed without costs,[13] and the Danish Institute for Human Rights offered their assistance to the group.[14]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Andersen, Hvenegård-Lassen & Knobblock 2015, p. 243.
- ^ Nexø 2013, p. 148.
- ^ Nonbo Andersen 2020, p. 231.
- ^ Nexø 2013, p. 152–153.
- ^ Nexø 2013, pp. 162–163.
- ^ a b Møller 2022.
- ^ Nexø 2013, p. 168.
- ^ a b Sermitsiaq 2023.
- ^ a b Nonbo Andersen 2020, p. 232.
- ^ Møller, Karlsen & Kilime 2023.
- ^ Sermitsiaq 2022.
- ^ Møller 2023; Sørensen 2023.
- ^ Sørensen 2023.
- ^ Møller 2023.
Works cited
edit- Andersen, Astrid; Hvenegård-Lassen, Kirsten; Knobblock, Ina (2015). "Feminism in postcolonial Nordic spaces". NORA. 23 (4): 239–245. doi:10.1080/08038740.2015.1104596.
- Møller, Ann-Sophie Greve (17 June 2022). "Juridisk faderløse sender krav om erstatning til den danske stat" [Legally fatherless send compensation demands to the Danish government]. Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (in Danish).
- Møller, Ann-Sophie Greve (23 August 2023). "Institut for Menneskerettigheder kæmper for juridisk faderløse" [Institute for Human Rights fights for legally fatherless people]. Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (in Danish).
- Møller, Ann-Sophie Greve; Karlsen, Sikkersoq Rosing; Kilime, Aviâja (15 September 2023). "Juridisk faderløse kritiserer mangel på hjælp, mens millionbeløb ligger ubrugt" [Legally fatherless criticize the lack of help, while millions of dollars are left unused]. Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (in Danish).
- Nexø, Sniff Andersen (2013). "Særlige Grønlandske forhold: Rum, ret og uægteskabelige børn i det koloniale Grønland" [Special Greenlandic conditions: Space, law and illegitimate children in colonial Greenland]. Historisk Tidsskrift (in Danish). 113 (1): 147–183.
- Nonbo Andersen, Astrid (2020). "The Greenland Reconciliation Commission: Moving away from a legal framework". In Alfredsson, Gudmundur; Koivurova, Timo (eds.). The yearbook of polar law. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 9789004418745.
- Sørensen, Helle Nørrelund (22 September 2023). "Juridisk faderløse starter sag mod staten i landsretten" [Legally fatherless people start case against the state in the high court]. Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (in Danish).
- "Juridisk faderløse sætter beløb på erstatningskrav" [Legal fatherless set amount for compensation claims]. Sermitsiaq (in Danish). Ritzau. 17 June 2022.
- "Danmark afviser erstatning til juridisk faderløse" [Denmark rejects compensation for the legally fatherless]. Sermitsiaq (in Danish). Ritzau. 1 April 2023.