The "leva del Biberón" (also known as the "quinta del Biberón", the Baby Bottle Levy in Spanish) was the name given to the levies of 1938 and 1939 throughout the territory that republican Spain still controlled during the last years of the Spanish Civil War, with boys aged from 14 to 18.[1] Mobilized by order of the President of the Second Spanish Republic, Manuel Azaña, at the end of April 1938. At that time, Franco's troops had attacked Lleida, Gandesa, Balaguer, Tremp and Camarasa and were taking control of the last points of republican resistance.[2][3]
Objective
editIn total, some 30,000 young people were called up,[4] coming from all over the national territory to fight on the Republican side: Murcia, Catalonia, Old Castilla and Valencia, among others. They were under the command of Lluís Companys, among whom would be counted future personalities such as Jesús Blasco. First they had to cover auxiliary tasks, but on 25 July 1938 they were already participating in the Republican offensive of the Battle of the Ebro,[5] the vast majority being minors, some kids were only 14 years old.[1]
It is believed that it received this name when Federica Montseny referred to all of them in this way: “Seventeen years old? but they still are sucking the baby bottle!».[6]
They were in the bloody battles of Merengue and Baladredo, both at the Segre front during the so-called offensive of Catalonia . They also took part in the Battle of the Ebro[7] and some were assigned to the Alpine battalion, in the Lleida Pyrenees.[8]
Aftermath
editAfter the war, very different fates arose. Some kids went into exile in France and ended up in the concentration camps of Argelès-sur-Mer, Saint-Cyprien and Agde.[9] Others, in the Francoist prisons and in the concentration camps of Vitoria and Miranda de Ebro and others went to battalions of workers distributed throughout Spain and did military service in Zaragoza, Barcelona and even in the Spanish Sahara.[10] Another part of the young people were freed by the Franco regime in case of being captured since, as was normal throughout the conflict, in many cases the ideology of those called up was not reciprocal to the side that forced them to enlist by force .[11]
In 1983, some 307 survivors and 412 relatives founded the «Agrupación de Supervivientes de la Leva del Biberón-41».[12]
References
edit- ^ a b Ed Vergara (11 December 2009). Paladín, the Magic Lamp, & the Secrets of the Universe. iUniverse. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-4401-3708-2.
- ^ elpais.com la-quinta-del-biberon-
- ^ Michael Alpert (28 February 2013). The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-32857-0.
- ^ vavel.com la-quinta-del-biberon-
- ^ legado-quinta-biberon-guerra-civil
- ^ Esteve Molero Les quintes del biberó. El Prat de Llobregat: Rúbrica, 2000
- ^ Un pediatra surgido de la 'Quinta del biberón', Diario médico, 3 March 2007
- ^ guerracivil.afinet.org
- ^ Jaume Sobrequés i Callicó; Carme Molinero; Margarita Tintó Sala (2003). Congreso: los campos de concentración y el mundo penitenciario en España durante la Guerra Civil y el franquismo. Museu d'História de Catalunya. ISBN 978-84-8432-440-9.
- ^ Manuel Espín (11 February 2020). La España resignada. 1952–1960: La década desconocida. Arzalia Ediciones. pp. 347–. ISBN 978-84-17241-59-9.
- ^ Victor Amela (6 February 2020). Nos robaron la juventud: Memoria viva de la Quinta del biberón. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. pp. 310–. ISBN 978-84-01-02487-0.
- ^ "Projecte Biberons". Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
Bibliography
edit- Piera González, E. (2006) La quinta del Biberó . Peace Prize 2006: awards ceremony.
- Fuentes Conesa, C (2019) Write me if you want