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The Lieber Institute for Brain Development (LIBD) is a nonprofit research center located in Baltimore, Maryland, that studies brain development issues such as schizophrenia and autism.[1] The cause of most neuropsychiatric disorders remains unknown and current therapies such as antipsychotics and antidepressants treat symptoms rather than the underlying illness. Lieber is working to unravel the biological basis of these brain disorders and is developing therapies to treat or prevent their development.[2]
History and description
editThe Lieber Institute was started in 2010 by Steve and Connie Lieber along with Milton and Tamar Maltz—both families have children with schizophrenia.[3][4][5] Psychiatrist Daniel R. Weinberger is the CEO.[6] Having gathered over 3,000 brains for research purposes, the institute has the largest collection of post-mortem brains diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.[7][2] These brains are used to study the biological basis for mental illnesses.[8] In one study of post-mortem brains, LIBD researchers found that patients with schizophrenia had high levels of DNA methylation in brain regions associated with risk for schizophrenia.[9] They are also developing a drug to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder.[10]
Research and partnerships
editIn 2011, researchers who later joined the Lieber Institute published a review of brain banks for studying diseases such as schizophrenia, alzheimer’s diseases, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric illnesses. Postmortem human brain tissue is critical for advancing neurobiological studies of psychiatric illness.[11]
In a December 2015 paper in Neuron, the Lieber Institute announced the formation of a new consortium called BrainSeq, along with seven pharmaceutical partners. The consortium’s goal is to analyze post mortem brain samples for DNA, RNA and DNA-methylation differences establish a public database.[12]
A paper by Lieber scientists found that altering brain proteins caused the cells of autistic brains to behave normally.[13] The specific type of autism is called Pitt–Hopkins syndrome and researchers are looking into possible treatments that could be used for the condition and for other types of autism.[14][15]
Researchers with Lieber published a paper in Nature Medicine that examined the placenta and found that genes and pregnancy problems combine to increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia.[16][17] This study adds to growing evidence that the placenta is critical to understanding the health and course of pregnancy.[18]
African Ancestry Neuroscience Research Initiative
editIn 2019, the Lieber Institute announced a new initiative to study brain diseases in African Americans. The venture is a partnership with the African-American Clergy Medical Research Initiative, a group of clergy leaders in Baltimore. Research suggests that neuropsychiatric diagnoses are 20% more frequent in African-American communities than in communities of European ancestry.[19][20] In studies of brain disorders, individuals of African descent make up, on average, less than 5% of research cohorts. Lieber Institute Director Daniel R. Weinberger wrote that individuals of African ancestry must be included in research for brain illnesses.[21]
The African Ancestry Neuroscience Research Initiative will generate brain gene and protein expression profiles for people of African ancestry, a group that is greatly underrepresented in research examining the genetic causes of diseases. Lack of research involving African Americans is problematic because African Americans are 20% more likely to experience serious mental health problems than the general population and are about twice as likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Suicide rates for African American children aged 5–11 are twice as high as comparable individuals of European ancestry even after controlling for socioeconomic factors.[22] In the summer of 2020, Governor Larry Hogan of Maryland budgeted $1.25 million to the effort, with another $1 million coming from Brown Capital, one of the oldest African-American founded asset management firms in the country.[23]
LIBD Champions Council
editLIBD established a champions council of celebrities to mobilize awareness of the need for brain research.[24][better source needed]
References
edit- ^ "New Brain Research Institute Chooses Home In Johns Hopkins Bioscience Park - 06/07/2010". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ a b Mullin, Emily (April 8, 2019). "Dissecting brains to find the biological answers to the mysteries of mental disorders". Washington Post.
- ^ "Inside View: The Lieber Institute for Brain Development". Nature Jobs. 2016. doi:10.1038/nj0496.
- ^ "Constance E. Lieber Receives 2017 Honorary Pardes Humanitarian Prize in Mental Health for Extraordinary Advocacy and Support of Psychiatric Research". Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. September 13, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Scott Dance. Lieber Institute expanding at Johns Hopkins research park. The Baltimore Sun, July 20, 2013.
- ^ Abbott, Alison (2011). "A radical approach to mental illness". Nature. 477 (7363): 146. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..146A. doi:10.1038/477146a. PMID 21900988.
- ^ Mullin, Emily (October 14, 2016). "Inside the World's Largest Collection of PTSD Brains". MIT Technology Review.
- ^ May, Kathryn (January 12, 2015). "Business and the brain: How some scientists hope to cure mental illness". Financial Post.
- ^ Brooks, Megan (December 4, 2015). "Schizophrenia Tied to Epigenetic Changes Before Birth". MedScape.
- ^ Walker, Heather (February 21, 2017). "New drug could prevent PTSD in trauma victims". WoodTV Channel 8.
- ^ Deep-Soboslay, Amy (2011). "Psychiatric Brain Banking: Three Perspectives on Current Trends and Future Directions". Biological Psychiatry. 69 (2): 104–112. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.025. PMC 3105380. PMID 20673875.
- ^ Schubert, Christian (2015). "BrainSeq: Neurogenomics to Drive Novel Target Discovery for Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Neuron. 88 (6): 1078–1083. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.047. PMID 26687217. S2CID 4912682.
- ^ Rannals, Matthew D; Hamersky, Gregory R; Page, Stephanie Cerceo; Campbell, Morganne N; Briley, Aaron; Gallo, Ryan A; Phan, Badoi N; Hyde, Thomas M; Kleinman, Joel E; Shin, Joo Heon; Jaffe, Andrew E; Weinberger, Daniel R; Maher, Brady J (2016). "Psychiatric Risk Gene Transcription Factor 4 Regulates Intrinsic Excitability of Prefrontal Neurons via Repression of SCN10a and KCNQ1". Neuron. 90 (1): 43–55. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.021. PMC 4824652. PMID 26971948.
- ^ Meredith Cohn. Lieber scientists discover how rare form of autism works and a possible treatment. The Baltimore Sun, March 11, 2016.
- ^ "Maher Lab Identifies Potential Drug Targets for Pitt Hopkins". pitthopkins.org. March 11, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Dana G. Smith. The Placenta Is Now a Suspect In Heightening Schizophrenia Risk. Scientific American, May 28, 2018.
- ^ Kiera Butler. Researchers Just Made a Disturbing Discovery About Your Child’s Schizophrenia Risk. Mother Jones, May 31, 2018.
- ^ Apoorva Mandavilli. The Placenta, an Afterthought No Longer An ephemeral organ, long dismissed merely as afterbirth, increasingly is viewed as critical to understanding the health and course of pregnancy. New York Times, December 3, 2018.
- ^ Jennifer Couzin-Frankel. New effort aims to study brain diseases in African-Americans. Science, March 22, 2019.
- ^ Daniel R. Weinberger, Alvin C. Hathaway Sr. Research will support personalized medicine for African Americans. Baltimore Sun, March 21, 2019.
- ^ Weinberger, Daniel (2020). "Missing in Action: African Ancestry Brain Research". Neuron. 107 (3): 407–411. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.008. PMC 7380218. PMID 32710819.
- ^ Daniel R. Weinberger, Missing in Action: African Ancestry Brain Research. Neuron,July 24, 2020.
- ^ Morgan Eichensehr, Maryland, Brown Capital put $2.25M toward the initiative to close racial gaps in neuroscience. Baltimore Business Journal, July 23, 2020.
- ^ Institute for Brain Development, 2019 Annual Report.