Lights-out manufacturing is the methodology of fully automating the production of goods at factories and other industrial facilities, such as to require no human presence on-site. Many of these factories are considered to be able to run "with the lights off," but few run exclusively lights-out production. For example, in computer numerical control machining, the presence of human workers is typically required for removing completed parts and setting up tombstones that hold unfinished parts. As the technology necessary for total automation becomes increasingly available, many factories are beginning to use lights-out production between shifts (or as a separate shift) to meet increasing production demand or to save money on labor.
An automatic factory is a place where raw materials enter, and finished products leave with little or no human intervention.[1][2] One of the earliest descriptions of the automatic factory in fiction was the 1955 short story "Autofac," by Philip K. Dick.[3]
Real-world examples
edit"Lights out" computer numerical control (CNC) machining
editCNC machines do not require continuous operator attention, and some models can run unattended.[4] A few machine shops run CNC unattended on nights and weekends. Although the machines are run without being under constant supervision, it is a common practice to always have a person in the vicinity of the machine.[5]
Existing "lights-out factories"
editFANUC, a Japanese robotics company, has been a lights-out factory since 2001.[6] Robots are building other robots at a rate of about 50 per 24-hour shift and can run unsupervised for as long as 30 days at a time. "Not only is it lights-out," says Fanuc vice president Gary Zywiol, "we turn off the air conditioning and heat too."[6][7]
In the Netherlands, Philips uses lights-out manufacturing to produce electric razors, with 128 robots made by Adept Technology. There are only nine human quality assurance workers who oversee the end of the manufacturing process.[8]
In the manufacturing of integrated circuits using 300 mm wafers, the entire manufacturing process is completely automated[citation needed], with workers only making sure that the process runs without problems and repairing any faulty machinery.[citation needed]
Motivations for lights-out factories
editLights-out manufacturing may increase productivity and lower upkeep costs. Companies incorporating lights-out methodologies into floor plans only need to consider robotic workers, which minimize space and climate-control requirements. Human laborers can be dispatched to a separate location for tasks such as quality assurance. Optimizing manufacturing space for a fully autonomous robotic workforce allows for an increase in productivity.[citation needed]
James Cook, an application engineer at Stäubli, the business development and marketing manager at Stäubli Robotics, says robots can help lower building costs by requiring smaller work cells. He states that "manufacturers can fit a larger number of compact cells in the same space to increase production without adding heating, lighting, or cooling to the cost of the building."[9] Floor space is also important for energy conservation, as a smaller space reduces energy consumption by reducing heating costs. Without human workers, climate-control systems are unnecessary, and smaller layouts require less electricity.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Toward the automatic factory" in "Electronic Servicing & Technology" magazine 1982 August
- ^ "Toward the Automatic Factory: A Case Study of Men and Machines" by Charles Rumford Walker 1977 ISBN 0-8371-9301-X
- ^ "Automatic Factory" in Time magazine 1953 Sep. 28
- ^ Takei Masami (Fuji Heavy Ind. Ltd.) (2003). "Realizing Unattended Hours of Continuous Operation of Machining Center with Addition of Intelligent Function". Subaru Technical Review (in Japanese). 30: 251–256. ISSN 0910-4852. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012.
- ^ "SEAS Student Machine Shop Safety Instruction Manual" (PDF).
- ^ a b Null, Christopher; Caulfield, Brian (1 June 2003). "Fade To Black The 1980s vision of "lights-out" manufacturing, where robots do all the work, is a dream no more". CNN Money. Archived from the original on 23 November 2009.
- ^ https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/lights-out-manufacturing/ RedShift by Autodesk. 3 December 2015
- ^ Markoff, John (13 November 2012). "Techonomy 2012: Where's My Robot?" (PDF). Techonomy. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ Brumson, Bennett. "Robotic Industries Association". Robotics Online. Robotic Industries Association. Retrieved 29 November 2017.