The Likens-Nickerson apparatus is a piece of laboratory glassware devised by Sam T. Likens and Gail B. Nickerson for the detection of hop oil constituents in 1964.[1] The apparatus performs a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction. The apparatus is typically constructed of borosilicate glass with the cold finger condenser and boiling flasks fitted with ground glass joints. It is typically used to isolate target organic compounds for further quantitative and or qualitative analysis using instrumental chemistry. However, it can also be used to isolate target compound(s) from an aqueous solution as a way of recovering valuable material.[2]
Description and operation
edit
The unusually shaped Likens-Nickerson apparatus uses two boiling flasks. One flask is loaded with an aqueous solution containing the desired compound(s) and the other with immiscible organic solvent. Each flask is allowed to reach their respective boiling points thus sending their vapors (or aerosolized oils) along the arms of the apparatus to the central cold finger condenser where they emulsify, condense, and fall into a separatory trap that may or may not have a stopcock. The arms of the trap leading back to the original vapor path can be configured in such a way as to return either the aqueous or organic layer to its respective flask.
History
editSince its invention in 1964 the apparatus has been adopted, modified, and used by hundreds of researchers for the purposes of analyzing compounds in everything from fermented camels milk to turbot.[3][4][5] Perhaps the most notable permutation of the Likens-Nickerson apparatus is the device described by Godefroot et al. in 1981.[6] However, researchers have constructed and used countless variations that allow the apparatus to operate under a vacuum, be filled with inert gas, or be continuously operated.[7][8] Yet they all acknowledge the Likens-Nickerson apparatus as having informed their respective design.
References
edit- ^ Likens, S. T.; Nickerson, G. B. (1964). "Detection of Certain Hop Oil Constituents in Brewing Products". Proceedings. Annual Meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists. 22 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1080/00960845.1964.12006730. ISSN 0096-0845.
- ^ Eikani, Mohammad H.; Golmohammad, Fereshteh; Rowshanzamir, Soosan; Mirza, Mehdi (2004). "Recovery of water-soluble constituents of rose oil using simultaneous distillation-extraction". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 20 (6): 555–558. doi:10.1002/ffj.1482. ISSN 0882-5734.
- ^ "Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
- ^ Ning, Li; Fu-Ping, Zheng; Hai-Tao, Chen; Si-Yuan, Liu; Chen, Gu; Zhen-Yang, Song; Bao-Guo, Sun (2011-12-01). "Identification of volatile components in Chinese Sinkiang fermented camel milk using SAFE, SDE, and HS-SPME-GC/MS". Food Chemistry. 129 (3): 1242–1252. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.115. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 25212363.
- ^ Prost, Carole; Serot, Thierry; Demaimay, Michel (1998-08-17). "Identification of the Most Potent Odorants in Wild and Farmed Cooked Turbot (Scophtalamus maximus L.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46 (8): 3214–3219. doi:10.1021/jf980128o. ISSN 0021-8561.
- ^ Godefroot, M.; Sandra, P.; Verzele, M. (1981-01-09). "New method for quantitative essential oil analysis". Journal of Chromatography A. 203: 325–335. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80304-0. ISSN 0021-9673.
- ^ Pollien, Philippe; Chaintreau, Alain (1997-08-01). "Simultaneous Distillation−Extraction: Theoretical Model and Development of a Preparative Unit". Analytical Chemistry. 69 (16): 3285–3292. doi:10.1021/ac9701905. ISSN 0003-2700.
- ^ Cachet, T.; Brevard, H.; Cantergiani, E.; Chaintreau, A.; Demyttenaere, J.; French, L.; Gassenmeier, K.; Joulain, D.; Koenig, T.; Leijs, H.; Liddle, P. (2015). "IOFI guidelines for the isolation of flavouring substances by simultaneous distillation-extraction". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 30 (1): 2–4. doi:10.1002/ffj.3226. ISSN 1099-1026.