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List of Asterales of South Africa

Asterales /æstəˈreɪliːz/[1] is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for composite flowers made of florets, and ten families related to the Asteraceae.[2] The order has a cosmopolitan distribution, members are found throughout most of the world including desert and frigid zones, and includes mostly herbaceous species, although a small number of trees and shrubs are also present.

Asterales seem to have evolved from one common ancestor, and share characteristics on morphological and biochemical levels. Synapomorphies (a character that is shared by two or more groups through evolutionary development) include the presence in the plants of oligosaccharide inulin, a nutrient storage molecule used instead of starch; and unique stamen morphology. The stamens are usually found around the style, either aggregated densely or fused into a tube, probably an adaptation in association with the plunger (brush; or secondary) pollination that is common among the families of the order, wherein pollen is collected and stored on the length of the pistil.

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.[3]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[4] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[5]

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[6]

Five families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

Asteraceae

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Main article: List of Asteraceae of South Africa

Family: Asteraceae,[6] 329 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.

Campanulaceae

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Family: Campanulaceae,[6]

Campanula

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Genus Campanula:[6]

Craterocapsa

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Genus Craterocapsa:[6]

Lightfootia

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Genus Lightfootia:[6]

Merciera

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Genus Merciera:[6]

Microcodon

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Genus Microcodon:[6]

Prismatocarpus

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Genus Prismatocarpus:[6]

Rhigiophyllum

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Genus Rhigiophyllum:[6]

Roella

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Genus Roella:[6]

Siphocodon

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Genus Siphocodon:[6]

Theilera

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Genus Theilera:[6]

Trachelium

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Genus Trachelium:[6]

Treichelia

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Genus Treichelia:[6]

Wahlenbergia

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Genus Wahlenbergia:[6]

Goodeniaceae

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Family: Goodeniaceae,[6]

Genus Scaevola:

Lobeliaceae

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Family: Lobeliaceae,[6]

Cyphia

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Genus Cyphia:[6]

Grammatotheca

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Genus Grammatotheca:[6]

  • Grammatotheca bergiana (Cham.) C.Presl, indigenous
    • Grammatotheca bergiana (Cham.) C.Presl var. bergiana, endemic
    • Grammatotheca bergiana (Cham.) C.Presl var. ekloniana (C.Presl) E.Wimm. endemic
    • Grammatotheca bergiana (Cham.) C.Presl var. foliosa E.Wimm. endemic
    • Grammatotheca bergiana (Cham.) C.Presl var. pedunculata E.Wimm. endemic

Laurentia

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Genus Laurentia:[6]

Lobelia

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Genus Lobelia:[6]

Monopsis

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Genus Monopsis:[6]

Unigenes

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Genus Unigenes:[6]

Wimmerella

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Genus Wimmerella:[6]

Menyanthaceae

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Family: Menyanthaceae,[6]

Nymphoides

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Genus Nymphoides:[6]

Villarsia

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Genus Villarsia[6]

References

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  1. ^ Stearn, William Thomas (2004). Botanical Latin. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-627-9. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  2. ^ Kubitzki, K. (1990). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Flowering Plants, Eudicots: Asterales. Springer. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  3. ^ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082. S2CID 44844947.
  4. ^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
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