This is a purported list of ancient humans remains, including mummies, that may have been DNA tested. Provided as evidence of the testing are links to the mitochondrial DNA sequences, and/or to the human haplogroups to which each case has been assigned. Also provided is a brief description of when and where they lived.[according to whom?] Entries lacking a citation should be viewed with skepticism; in particular, cases with no sequence or haplogroup links, with citation, have no evidentiary basis for appearing.
mtDNA and YDNA tests
editThe following mummies have undergone mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and YDNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:
| Name | Original Location of Remains |
Date Lived (years ago) |
Mitochondrial DNA sequence | mtDNA Haplogroup | Y-DNA Haplogroup |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paglicci 23 | Italy | 28,000[1] | CRS [2] | H[citation needed] | |
| Paglicci 25 | Italy | 23,000[3] | 7,025 AluI, 00073A, 11719G, 12308A [4] | HV[4] | |
| TAF009
TAF010 TAF011 TAF012 TAF013 TAF014 TAF015 |
Morocco | 15,100-13,900[5]
15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] |
U6a6b[5]
U6a7b[5] U6a7[5] U6a7[5] U6a7b[5] |
E1b1b1a1b1[5]
E1b1b1a1[5] E1b1b1a1[5] N/A[5] E1b1b1a1[5] E1b1b1a1[5] | |
| Cheddar Man | England | >9,000[citation needed] | 16192T,[citation needed] 16270T[citation needed] | U5b1[6] | I2-L38 (I2a2)[7] |
| Ötzi the Iceman | Austria/Italy | 5,300 [8] | K.[9][10] | G2a2b[11] | |
| Nakht-Ankh | Egypt | 4,000[12] | M1a1[12] | ||
| Khnum-Nakht | Egypt | 4,000[12] | M1a1[12] | ||
| Djehutynakht (10A) | Egypt | 4,000[13] | U5b2b5[13] | ||
| Queen Tiye | Egypt | 3,390[14] | K[14] | ||
| JK2887 | Egypt | 3,410-3,333[15] | J2a1a1[15] | N/A[15] | |
| Tutankhamun | Egypt | 3,342[14] | K[14] | R1b[14] | |
| Tel Shadud Canaanite Nobelman | Israel | 3,300[16] | R1b[16] | ||
| Tel Shadud specimen L126 | Israel | 3,300[16] | Haplogroup I5a1[16] | J[16] | |
| Ramesses III | Egypt | 3,200[17] | E1b1a[18] | ||
| Pentawer | Egypt | 3,200[17] | E1b1a[18] | ||
| JK2134 | Egypt | 2,798-2,591[15] | J1d[15] | J[15] | |
| JK2911 | Egypt | 2,791-2,582[15] | M1a1[15] | J[15] | |
| Takabuti | Egypt | 2,600[19] | H4a1[19] | ||
| Young Man of Byrsa | Tunisia | late 6th century BCE | U5b2c1[20] | ||
| OM:KMM A 64
YM:KMM A 63 |
Egypt | 2,320[21]
2,300[21] |
T2c1a[21] | ||
| JK2888 | Egypt | 2,119-2,024[15] | U6a2[15] | E1b1b1a1b2[15] | |
| The Norwich Anglo-Saxon | England | 1,000[citation needed] | 16189A,[citation needed] 16223T,[citation needed] 16271C,[citation needed] 16278T[citation needed] | X[citation needed] | |
| Juanita the Ice Maiden | Peru | 500[citation needed] | 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, 16319A[22] | A[citation needed] | |
| 500-year-old Inca child | Argentina | 500[23] | C1b[23] |
DNA tests
editThe following mummies have undergone DNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:[citation needed]
| Name | Original Location of Remains |
Date Lived (years ago) |
DNA sequence | Y-DNA Haplogroup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuya | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Yuya | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV35 Younger Lady | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Tiye (Elder Lady KV35) | Egypt | 3,370 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Amenhotep III | Egypt | 3,370 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV55 mummy | Egypt | 3,350 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Tutankhamun | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV21 Mummy A | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV21 Mummy B | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D2S1338,
D16S539, CSF1PO [24] |
|
| KV62 Fetus 1 | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV62 Fetus 2 | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kambiz Kamrani (2006). "The 28,000 Year Old Paglicci 23 Cro-Magnon mtDNA Ain't Neandertal — It Is More Modern Than Anything Else". Anthropology.net. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- ^ Caramelli, David; Vai, Stefania (July 2008). "A 28,000 Years Old Cro-Magnon mtDNA Sequence Differs from All Potentially Contaminating Modern Sequences". PLoS ONE. 3 (7): e2700. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2700C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002700. PMC 2444030. PMID 18628960.
- ^ Mallegni, F; Bertoldi, F; Manolis, S.K. (1999). "The Gravettian female human skeleton from Grotta Paglicci, south Italy". HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology. 50 (2): 127–148.
- ^ a b Caramelli, David; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; et al. (May 27, 2003). "Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans". PNAS. 100 (11): 6593–6597. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.6593C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1130343100. PMC 164492. PMID 12743370.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u van de Loosdrecht; et al. (2018-03-15). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
- ^ Brace, Selina; et al. (18 February 2018). "Population Replacement in Early Neolithic Britain". bioRxiv 10.1101/267443.
- ^ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 February 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
- ^ Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; et al. (1994). "AMS 14
C
Age Determination of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötzal Ice Man" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 36 (2): 247–250. doi:10.1017/s0033822200040534. Retrieved February 4, 2016. - ^ Ermini, Luca; Olivieri, Cristina; et al. (November 11, 2008). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman". Current Biology. 18 (21): 1687–93. Bibcode:2008CBio...18.1687E. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.028. PMID 18976917. S2CID 13983702.
- ^ Endicott, Phillip; Sanchez, Juan J; et al. (2009). "Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: The singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman". BMC Genetics. 10: 29. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-29. PMC 2717998. PMID 19545382.
- ^ Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; et al. (February 28, 2012). "New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing". Nature Communications. 3: 698. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..698K. doi:10.1038/ncomms1701. PMID 22426219.
- ^ a b c d Ancient DNA results end 4,000-year-old Egyptian mummy mystery
- ^ a b Loreille, Odile; Ratnayake, Shashikala; Bazinet, Adam L.; Stockwell, Timothy B.; Sommer, Daniel D.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Skoglund, Pontus; Onorato, Anthony J.; Bergman, Nicholas H. (March 2018). "Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens". Genes. 9 (3): 135. doi:10.3390/genes9030135. PMC 5867856. PMID 29494531.
- ^ a b c d e Gad, Yehia Z; Hassan, Naglaa Abu-Mandil; Mousa, Dalia M; Fouad, Fayrouz A; El-Sayed, Safaa G; Abdelazeem, Marwa A; Mahdy, Samah M; Othman, Hend Y; Ibrahim, Dina W; Khairat, Rabab; Ismail, Somaia (2020-10-15). "Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R24–R28. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa223. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 33059357.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Schuenemann, Verena J.; Peltzer, Alexander; Welte, Beatrix; van Pelt, W. Paul; Molak, Martyna; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Furtwängler, Anja; Urban, Christian; Reiter, Ella; Nieselt, Kay; Teßmann, Barbara (2017-05-30). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
- ^ a b c d e The Canaanite Nobelman of Tel Shadud - Levantine R1b?
- ^ a b "Study reveals that Pharaoh's throat was cut during royal coup" (Press release). BMJ. 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
- ^ a b Hawass, Zahi; Ismail, Somaia; Selim, Ashraf; Saleem, Sahar N.; Fathalla, Dina; Wasef, Sally; Gad, Ahmed Z.; Saad, Rama; Fares, Suzan; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Gad, Yehia Z.; Pusch, Carsten M.; Zink, Albert R. (December 17, 2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study". BMJ. 345: e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. hdl:10072/62081. PMID 23247979. S2CID 206896841. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ a b "Shocking truth behind Takabuti's death revealed". Shocking truth behind Takabuti’s death revealed. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ^ Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S, et al. (May 25, 2016). "A European Mitochondrial Haplotype Identified in Ancient Phoenician Remains from Carthage, North Africa". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0155046. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155046M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155046. PMC 4880306. PMID 27224451.
- ^ a b c d Oras, Ester; Anderson, Jaanika; Tõrv, Mari; Vahur, Signe; Rammo, Riina; Remmer, Sünne; Mölder, Maarja; Malve, Martin; Saag, Lehti; Saage, Ragnar; Teearu-Ojakäär, Anu (2020-01-16). "Multidisciplinary investigation of two Egyptian child mummies curated at the University of Tartu Art Museum, Estonia (Late/Graeco-Roman Periods)". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0227446. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1527446O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227446. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6964855. PMID 31945091.
- ^ "Ancient DNA". www.isogg.org. International Society of Genetic Genealogy. 14 May 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- ^ a b Gómez-Carballa A, Catelli L, Pardo-Seco J, et al. (November 12, 2015). "The complete mitogenome of a 500-year-old Inca child mummy". Sci Rep. 5: 16462. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516462G. doi:10.1038/srep16462. PMC 4642457. PMID 26561991.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Y. Z.; Ismail, S.; Khairat, R.; Fathalla, D.; Hasan, N.; Ahmed, A.; Elleithy, H.; Ball, M.; Gaballah, F.; Wasef, S.; Fateen, M.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Selim, A.; Zink, A.; Pusch, C. M. (2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–47. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872.
Further reading
edit- Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen (August 3, 2005). "Mosaics of ancient mitochondrial DNA: positive indicators of nonauthenticity". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (10): 1106–1112. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201476. PMID 16077732.
- The Seven Daughters of Eve by Bryan Sykes.[clarification needed][full citation needed][pages needed]