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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

(Redirected from List of Essential Medicines)
For the list for children, see WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children.

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML[1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.[2] The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicines.[2] As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list.[1] This includes both developed and developing countries.[2][3]

The list is divided into core items and complementary items.[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.[4] About 25% of items are in the complementary list.[5] Some medications are listed as both core and complementary.[6] While most medications on the list are available as generic products, being under patent does not preclude inclusion.[7]

The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications.[8][2][9] The WHO updates the list every two years.[10] There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005,[11] 410 in the 19th list in 2015,[10] 433 in the 20th list in 2017,[12][13] 460 in the 21st list in 2019,[14][15][16] and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021.[17][18] Various national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.[5][19] The Essential Medicines List (EML) was updated in July 2023 to its 23rd edition. This list contains 1200 recommendations for 591 drugs and 103 therapeutic equivalents.[20]

A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 9th edition.[10][21][22][23] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations.[24][25] Everything in the children's list is also included in the main list.[26] The list and notes are based on the 19th to 23rd edition of the main list.[4][12][14][17][27] Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists.[17][18] The 9th Essential Medicines List for Children was updated in July 2023.[23][28]

Note: An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list.[4][14][17]

Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases

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General anaesthetics and oxygen

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Inhalational medicines

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Injectable medicines

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Local anaesthetics

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Complementary:

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

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Medical gases

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Medicines for pain and palliative care

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Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)

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A skeletal model of the chemical structure of aspirin

Opioid analgesics

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Complementary:

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

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Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis

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Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings

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Non-specific

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Specific

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Complementary:

Medicines for diseases of the nervous system

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Antiseizure medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines for multiple sclerosis

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Complementary:

Medicines for parkinsonism

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Anti-infective medicines

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Anthelminthics

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Intestinal anthelminthics

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A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

Antifilarials

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Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines

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Complementary:

Cysticidal medicines

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Complementary:

Antibacterials

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Access group antibiotics

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Watch group antibiotics

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Complementary:

Reserve group antibiotics

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Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022.[29][30][31]

Complementary:

Antileprosy medicines

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Antituberculosis medicines

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Pure crystals of ethambutol

Complementary:

Antifungal medicines

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Complementary:

Antiviral medicines

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Antiherpes medicines

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Antiretrovirals

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Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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Protease inhibitors
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Two capsules of atazanavir
Integrase inhibitors
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Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines
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Other antivirals
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Complementary:

Antihepatitis medicines

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Medicines for hepatitis B
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Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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Medicines for hepatitis C
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Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
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Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
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Other antivirals for hepatitis C
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Antiprotozoal medicines

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Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines

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Antileishmaniasis medicines

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Antimalarial medicines

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For curative treatment
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For chemoprevention
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Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines

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Complementary:

Antitrypanosomal medicines

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African trypanosomiasis
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Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis
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Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis
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Complementary:

American trypanosomiasis
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Medicines for ectoparasitic infections

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Medicines for Ebola virus disease

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Medicines for COVID-19

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No listings in this section.

Antimigraine medicines

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For treatment of acute attack

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For prophylaxis

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Immunomodulators and antineoplastics

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Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease

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Complementary:

Antineoplastics and supportive medicines

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Cytotoxic medicines

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Complementary:

Targeted therapies

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Complementary:

Immunomodulators

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Complementary:

Hormones and antihormones

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Complementary:

Supportive medicines

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Complementary:

Therapeutic foods

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Medicines affecting the blood

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Antianaemia medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines affecting coagulation

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Complementary:

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies

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Complementary:

Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes

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Blood and blood components

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Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma

Plasma-derived medicines

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Human immunoglobulins

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Complementary:

Blood coagulation factors

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Complementary:

Plasma substitutes

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Cardiovascular medicines

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Antianginal medicines

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Antiarrhythmic medicines

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Complementary:

Antihypertensive medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines used in heart failure

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Complementary:

Antithrombotic medicines

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Anti-platelet medicines

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Thrombolytic medicines

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Complementary:

Lipid-lowering agents

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Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

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Dermatological medicines (topical)

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Antifungal medicines

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Anti-infective medicines

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Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

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Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

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Complementary:

Scabicides and pediculicides

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Diagnostic agents

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Ophthalmic medicines

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Radiocontrast media

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Complementary:

Antiseptics and disinfectants

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Antiseptics

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Disinfectants

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Diuretics

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Complementary:

Gastrointestinal medicines

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Complementary:

Antiulcer medicines

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Antiemetic medicines

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Complementary:

Anti-inflammatory medicines

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Complementary:

Laxatives

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Medicines used in diarrhoea

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Oral rehydration

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Medicines for diarrhoea

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Medicines for endocrine disorders

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Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes

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Androgens

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Complementary:

Estrogens

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No listings in this section.

Progestogens

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Medicines for diabetes

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Insulins

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Oral hypoglycaemic agents

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Complementary:

Medicines for hypoglycaemia

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Complementary:

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

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Complementary:

Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system

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Complementary:

Immunologicals

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Diagnostic agents

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Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies

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Vaccines

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A vial of oral cholera vaccine

Recommendations for all

Recommendations for certain regions

Recommendations for some high-risk populations

Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors

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Complementary:

Ophthalmological preparations

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Anti-infective agents

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Anti-inflammatory agents

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Local anesthetics

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Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

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Mydriatics

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Complementary:

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations

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Complementary:

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care

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Contraceptives

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Oral hormonal contraceptives

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Injectable hormonal contraceptives

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Intrauterine devices

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Barrier methods

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Implantable contraceptives

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Intravaginal contraceptives

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Ovulation inducers

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Complementary:

Uterotonics

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Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

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Other medicines administered to the mother

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Medicines administered to the neonate

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Complementary:

Peritoneal dialysis solution

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Complementary:

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders

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Medicines used in psychotic disorders

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Complementary:

Medicines used in mood disorders

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Medicines used in depressive disorders

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Medicines used in bipolar disorders

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Medicines for anxiety disorders

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Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

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Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

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Medicines for alcohol use disorders

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Medicines for nicotine use disorders

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Complementary:

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract

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Antiasthmatic medicines and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances

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Oral

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Parenteral

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Miscellaneous

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Vitamins and minerals

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Complementary:

Ear, nose and throat medicines

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Medicines for diseases of joints

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Medicines used to treat gout

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Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

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Complementary:

Medicines for juvenile joint diseases

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Complementary:

Dental medicines and preparations

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Notes

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An α indicates the medicine is on the complementary list for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring or training is needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[4][14]

  1. ^ (For use in spinal anaesthesia during delivery, to prevent hypotension).
  2. ^ No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
  3. ^ Not in children less than three months.
  4. ^ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
  5. ^ For the management of cancer pain
  6. ^ Hydromorphone and oxycodone are alternatives
  7. ^ For the management of cancer pain.
  8. ^ a b Dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron are alternatives
  9. ^ Cetirizine and fexofenadine are alternatives
  10. ^ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
  11. ^ Prednisone is an alternative
  12. ^ For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
  13. ^ Diazepam and midazolam are alternatives
  14. ^ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders.
  15. ^ For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
  16. ^ The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  17. ^ a b c Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Including quality-assured biosimilars
  19. ^ Trihexyphenidyl is an alternative
  20. ^ benserazide is an alternative for carbidopa
  21. ^ Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
  22. ^ > 1 month.
  23. ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
  24. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
  25. ^ cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
  26. ^ Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
  27. ^ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
  28. ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
  29. ^ Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
  30. ^ > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
  31. ^ Erythromycin is an alternative as second choice treatment for pharyngitis in children (EMLc only)
  32. ^ For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults.
  33. ^ Vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration
  34. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred
  35. ^ Tedizolid phosphate is an alternative
  36. ^ For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors.
  37. ^ For use only in combination with meropenem or imipenem/cilastatin.
  38. ^ Terizidone is an alternative
  39. ^ Prothionamide is an alternative
  40. ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative
  41. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mycoses caused by Talaromyces marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by Talaromyces marneffei in AIDS patients.
  42. ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
  43. ^ Anidulafungin and caspofungin are alternatives
  44. ^ Valaciclovir is an alternative
  45. ^ also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis.
  46. ^ > 6 weeks
  47. ^ > 3 years
  48. ^ For use in pregnant women and in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines.
  49. ^ a b lamivudine is an alternative for emtricitabine
  50. ^ combination also indicated for pre-exposure prophylaxis
  51. ^ For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers
  52. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  53. ^ For severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
  54. ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
  55. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  56. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
  57. ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir or ravidasvir
  58. ^ For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with direct acting anti-viral medicines
  59. ^ > 25 kg.
  60. ^ Tinidazole is an alternative
  61. ^ Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost.
  62. ^ a b To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
  63. ^ For use in the management of severe malaria.
  64. ^ Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
  65. ^ To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine, or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
  66. ^ Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate are alternatives
  67. ^ > 5 kg
  68. ^ For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
  69. ^ > 5 kg
  70. ^ For use only in combination with quinine.
  71. ^ Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.
  72. ^ For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline.
  73. ^ Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
  74. ^ For use only in Central American regions, for Plasmodium vivax infections.
  75. ^ > 8 years.
  76. ^ > 5 kg or > 3 months.
  77. ^ For use only in combination with chloroquine.
  78. ^ For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  79. ^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  80. ^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
  81. ^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  82. ^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
  83. ^ The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
  84. ^ a b Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
  85. ^ Afatinib and gefitinib are alternatives
  86. ^ Pembrolizumab is an alternative, including quality-assured biosimilars
  87. ^ Enzalutamide is an alternative
  88. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (L02BG Aromatase inhibitors)
  89. ^ Flutamide and nilutamide are alternatives
  90. ^ Goserelin and triptorelin are alternatives
  91. ^ Prednisone is an alternative
  92. ^ Biscuit or paste of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines.
  93. ^ periconceptual use for prevention of first occurrence of neural tube defects
  94. ^ Epoetin alfa, beta and theta; darbepoetin alfa; methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta; and their quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  95. ^ Apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban are alternatives
  96. ^ Alternatives are dalteparin and nadroparin, including their quality-assured biosimilars.
  97. ^ Deferiprone is an alternative
  98. ^ cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced) is an alternative
  99. ^ coagulation factor IX complex is an alternative
  100. ^ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered an alternative
  101. ^ a b c Carvedilol and metoprolol are alternatives
  102. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives)
  103. ^ Includes atenolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol as alternatives. Atenolol should not be used as a first-line agent in uncomplicated hypertension in patients > 60 years.
  104. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  105. ^ Hydralazine is listed for use only in the acute management of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  106. ^ a b c Chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide are alternatives
  107. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  108. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) (for lisinopril) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  109. ^ a b Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain)
  110. ^ Methyldopa is listed for use only in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Its use in the treatment of essential hypertension is not recommended in view of the evidence of greater efficacy and safety of other medicines.
  111. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) (for amlodipine)
  112. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09CA Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain) (for telmisartan) and chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, indapamide (for hydrochlorothiazide)
  113. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
  114. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  115. ^ For use in high‐risk patients. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives
  116. ^ a b fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin are alternatives for atorvastatin
  117. ^ a b 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for ramipril
  118. ^ atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin are alternatives for simvastatin
  119. ^ bisoprolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol are alternatives for atenolol
  120. ^ chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, and indapamide are alternatives for hydrochlorothiazide
  121. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain) are alternatives for perindopril
  122. ^ 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives) are alternatives for amlodipine
  123. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
  124. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
  125. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AA Corticosteroids, weak (group I))
  126. ^ Calcitriol and tacalcitol are alternatives
  127. ^ Podophyllotoxin is an alternative
  128. ^ precipitated sulfur topical ointment is an alternative
  129. ^ Atropine and cyclopentolate are alternatives
  130. ^ Propanol is an alternative
  131. ^ Iodine is an alternative
  132. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
  133. ^ Bumetanide and torasemide are alternatives
  134. ^ Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone are alternatives
  135. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
  136. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
  137. ^ Mesalazine is an alternative
  138. ^ Bisacodyl is an alternative
  139. ^ In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts.
  140. ^ Norethisterone is an alternative
  141. ^ Insulin degludec, insulin detemir, and insulin glargine, including quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
  142. ^ Canagliflozin and dapagliflozin are alternatives
  143. ^ Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years. Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A10BB Sulfonylureas)
  144. ^ a b Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
  145. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available; and in patients during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  146. ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
  147. ^ bromocriptine is an alternative
  148. ^ Exact type to be defined locally
  149. ^ a b c Recommended for certain regions
  150. ^ a b c d e f Recommended for some high-risk populations
  151. ^ a b c Recommended only for immunization programmes with certain characteristics
  152. ^ atracurium is an alternative
  153. ^ For infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  154. ^ Amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin are alternatives
  155. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
  156. ^ Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are alternatives
  157. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
  158. ^ Carbachol is an alternative
  159. ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01ED Beta blocking agents) excluding combinations
  160. ^ Cyclopentolate hydrochloride or homatropine hydrobromide are alternatives only for the EMLc
  161. ^ For use in women actively breastfeeding at least 4 times per day
  162. ^ anastrozole is an alternative
  163. ^ Methylergometrine is an alternative
  164. ^ Where permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable.
  165. ^ Only for use for induction of labour where appropriate facilities are available.
  166. ^ Indometacin is an alternative
  167. ^ Prostaglandin E2 is an alternative
  168. ^ haloperidol decanonate and zuclopenthixol decanonate are alternatives
  169. ^ Chlorpromazine is an alternative for the tablet
  170. ^ Risperidone injection is an alternative
  171. ^ aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone, and quetiapine are alternatives
  172. ^ a b c Citalopram, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline are alternatives
  173. ^ aripiprazole, olanzapine, and paliperidone are alternatives
  174. ^ lorazepam is an alternative
  175. ^ For short-term emergency management of acute and severe anxiety symptoms only
  176. ^ buprenorphine is an alternative. The medicines should only be used within an established support programme.
  177. ^ Beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone are alternatives
  178. ^ Beclometasone/formoterol, budesonide/salmeterol, fluticasone/formoterol, fluticasone furoate/vilanterol, and mometasone/formoterol are alternatives
  179. ^ Terbutaline is an alternative
  180. ^ Aclidinium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium are alternatives
  181. ^ Ergocalciferol is an alternative
  182. ^ Colecalciferol is an alternative
  183. ^ Ofloxacin is an alternative
  184. ^ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
  185. ^ triamcinolone acetonide is an alternative
  186. ^ of any type for use as dental sealant
  187. ^ of any type for use as dental filling material

References

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  1. ^ a b "The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML): 30th anniversary". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  3. ^ Persaud N, Jiang M, Shaikh R, Bali A, Oronsaye E, Woods H, et al. (June 2019). "Comparison of essential medicines lists in 137 countries". Bull. World Health Organ. 97 (6): 394–404C. doi:10.2471/BLT.18.222448. hdl:10665/325509. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 6560372. PMID 31210677.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. p. Annex 1. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  5. ^ a b Bansal D, Purohit VK (January 2013). "Accessibility and use of essential medicines in health care: Current progress and challenges in India". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 4 (1): 13–18. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.107642. PMC 3643337. PMID 23662019.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2003). The selection and use of essential medicines (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/42826. ISBN 92-4-120920-8. WHO technical report series 920.
  7. ^ Beall R (2016). "Patents and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (18th Edition): Clarifying the Debate on IP and Access" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  8. ^ World Health Organization (1977). The selection of essential drugs: report of a WHO expert committee [meeting held in Geneva from 17 to 21 October 1977]. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/41272. ISBN 92-4-120615-2. Technical report series; no. 615.
  9. ^ Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, et al. (January 2017). "Essential medicines for universal health coverage". Lancet. 389 (10067): 403–476. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9. PMC 7159295. PMID 27832874.
  10. ^ a b c "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. The current versions are the 21st WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) and the 7th WHO Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) updated in June 2019.
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