The following is a list of lord chancellors and lord keepers of the Great Seal of England and Great Britain. It also includes a list of commissioners of Parliament's Great Seal during the English Civil War and Interregnum.
Lord chancellors and lord keepers of England, 1050–1707
edit11th century
edit- Regenbald (1050 – after 1066)
- Herfast (1068–1070)
- Saint Osmund, count of Sées and bishop of Salisbury (c. 1070)
- Maurice, Archdeacon of Le Mans (c. 1078)
- Gerard, Preceptor of Rouen, later Archbishop of York (c. 1085 – before 1091)
- Robert Bloet (after January 1091)
- William Giffard (1094–1101)
12th century
edit- Roger of Salisbury (1101–1102)
- Waldric (1102–1107)
- Ranulf (1107–1123)
- Geoffrey Rufus (1123–1133)
- Robert de Sigello (1133–1135) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- Roger le Poer (1135–1139)
- Philip de Harcourt, Dean of Lincoln (1139–1140)
- Robert of Ghent, Dean of York (1140–1141)
- William FitzGilbert (1141–1142)
- Robert of Ghent, Dean of York (1142–1154)
- Thomas Becket, Archdeacon of Canterbury, later Archbishop of Canterbury (1155–1162)
- Geoffrey Ridel, Archdeacon of Canterbury (1162–1173)
- Ralph de Warneville, Treasurer of York (1173–1181)
- Geoffrey, the Bastard, Plantagenet (1181–1189)
- William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely (1189–1197)
- Eustace, Dean of Salisbury (1197–1199) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- Eustace, Dean of Salisbury (1198–1199)
13th century
edit- Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury (1199–1205)
- Walter de Gray, at various times Bishop of Lichfield, Bishop of Worcester, Archbishop of York (1205–1214)
- Richard Marsh, later Bishop of Durham (1214–1226)
- Ralph Neville, Bishop of Chichester (1226–1240)
- Richard le Gras, Abbot of Evesham (1240–1242)
- Ralph Neville, Bishop of Chichester (1242–1244)
- Silvester de Everdon, Archdeacon of Chester (1244–1246) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- John Maunsell, Provost of Beverley (1246–1247) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- John Lexington (1247–1248) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- John Maunsell (1248–1249) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- John Lexington (1249–1253) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- Eleanor of Provence,[1][a] Queen Consort and Regent of England (1253–1254) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- William of Kilkenny (1254–1255) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- Henry Wingham, from 1259/1260 Bishop of London (1255–1260)
- Nicholas of Ely, Archdeacon of Ely (1260–1261)
- Walter de Merton, Archdeacon of Bath (1261–1263)
- Nicholas of Ely, Archdeacon of Ely (1263)
- John Chishull, Archdeacon of London (1263–1264)
- Thomas Cantilupe, Archdeacon of Stafford (1264–1265)
- Ralph Sandwich (1265) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- Walter Giffard, Bishop of Bath and Wells (1265–1266)
- Godfrey Giffard, Archdeacon of Wells (1266–1268)
- John Chishull, Dean of St Paul's (1268–1269)
- Richard Middleton, Archdeacon of Northumberland (1269–1272)
- Walter de Merton, Archdeacon of Bath (1272–1274)
- Robert Burnell, Bishop of Bath (1274–1292)
- Thomas Bek, Archdeacon of Dorset (1279) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- John Langton, Canon of Lincoln (1292–1302)
14th century
edit- William Greenfield, Dean of Chichester (1302–1305)
- William Hamilton, Dean of York (1305–1307)
- Ralph Baldock, Bishop of London (1307)
- John Langton, Bishop of Chichester (1307–1310)
- Walter Reynolds, Bishop of Worcester (1310–1314)
- John Sandale, Canon of Lincoln (1314–1318)
- John Hotham, Bishop of Ely (1318–1320)
- John Salmon, Bishop of Norwich (1320–1323)
- Robert Baldock, Archdeacon of Middlesex (1323–1326)
- William Ayermin, Bishop of Norwich (1326–1327)
- John Hotham, Bishop of Ely (1327–1328)
- Henry Burghersh, Bishop of Lincoln (1328–1330)
- John de Stratford, Bishop of Winchester (1330–1334)
- Richard Bury, Bishop of Durham (1334–1335)
- John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury (1335–1337)
- Robert de Stratford, Bishop of Chichester (1337–1338)
- Richard Bintworth, Bishop of London (1338–1339)
- John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury (1340)
- Robert de Stratford, Bishop of Chichester (1340)
- Robert Bourchier, 1st Baron Bourchier (1340–1341)
- Robert Parning (1341–1343)
- Robert Sadington (1343–1345)
- John de Ufford, Dean of Lincoln (1345–1349)
- John Thoresby, Bishop of Worcester (1349–1356)
- William Edington, Bishop of Winchester (1356–1363)
- Simon Langham, Bishop of Ely (1363–1367)
- William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (1367–1371)
- Robert Thorpe (1371–1372)
- John Knyvet (1372–1377)
- Adam Houghton, Bishop of St David's (1377–1378)
- Lord Scrope of Bolton (1378–1380)
- Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (1380–1381)
- Hugh Segrave (1381) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- William Courtenay, Bishop of London (1381)
- Lord Scrope of Bolton (1381–1382)
- Robert Braybrooke, Bishop of London (1382–1383)
- Lord de la Pole (later Earl of Suffolk) (1383–1386)
- Thomas Arundel, Bishop of Ely (1386–1389)
- William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (1389–1391)
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of York (1391–1396)
- Edmund Stafford, Bishop of Exeter (1396–1399)
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (1399)
15th century
edit- John Scarle, Archdeacon of Lincoln (1399–1401)
- Edmund Stafford, Bishop of Exeter (1401–1403)
- Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Lincoln (1403–1405)
- Thomas Langley, Dean of York (1405–1407)
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (1407–1410)
- Thomas Beaufort (1410–1412)
- Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (1412–1413)
- Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester (1413–1417)
- Thomas Langley, Bishop of Durham (1417–1424)
- Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester (1424–1426)
- John Kemp, Archbishop of York (1426–1432)
- John Stafford, Bishop of Bath (later Archbishop of Canterbury) (1432–1450)
- John Kemp, Archbishop of York (1450–1454)
- Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury (1454–1455)
- Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury (1455–1456)
- William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester (1456–1460)
- George Neville, Bishop of Exeter (1460–1467)
- Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath (1467–1470)
- George Neville, Archbishop of York (1470–1471)
- Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath (1471–1473)
- Laurence Booth, Bishop of Durham (1473–1474)
- John Alcock, Bishop of Rochester (1475) (Keeper of the Great Seal)
- Thomas Rotheram, Bishop of Lincoln (1475–1483)
- John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln (1483–1485)
- Thomas Rotheram, Archbishop of York (1485)
- John Alcock, Bishop of Worcester (1485–1486)
- John Morton, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury (1486–1500)
1500–1654
edit| Image | Name | Term of office | Monarch (reign) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry Deane, Archbishop of Canterbury, Keeper | 1500 | 1502 | Henry VII.svg) (1485–1509) | |
|
William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, Keeper to 1504 | 1502 | 1515 | |
Henry VIII_-_Dragon_with_pizzle.png) (1509–1547) | ||||
|
Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York | 1515 | 1529 | |
|
Thomas More[b] | 1529 | 1532 | |
,_Lord_Audley,_1569.jpg)
|
Thomas Audley (Lord Audley of Walden from 1538)[b] |
1532 | 1544 | |
|
Lord Wriothesley | 1544 | 1547 | |
| Edward VI (1547–1553) | ||||
|
Lord St John, Keeper | 1547 | 1547 | |
|
Lord Rich[b] | 1547 | 1551 | |
|
Thomas Goodrich, Bishop of Ely | 1552 | 1553 | |
|
Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester | 1553 | 1555 | Mary I.svg) (1553–1558) |
|
Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York | 1555 | 1558 | |
|
Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper | 1558 | 1579 | Elizabeth I.svg) (1558–1603) |
|
Thomas Bromley | 1579 | 1587 | |
_cropped.jpg)
|
Christopher Hatton | 1587 | 1591 | |
|
|
In commission:
|
1591 | 1592 | |
|
John Puckering, Lord Keeper[b] | 1592 | 1596 | |
|
Thomas Egerton, Lord Keeper to 19 July 1603 (Lord Ellesmere from 1603; Viscount Brackley from 1616) |
6 May 1596 |
5 March 1617 | |
James I.svg) (1603–1625) | ||||
|
Francis Bacon, Lord Keeper to 1618 (Lord Verulam from 1618 Viscount St Alban from 1621) |
7 March 1617 |
1621 | |
|
|
In commission:
|
1621 | 1621 | |
|
John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, Lord Keeper | 1621 | 1625 | |
|
Thomas Coventry, Lord Keeper (Lord Coventry from 1628) |
1625 | 1640 | Charles I (1625–1649) |
|
Lord Finch, Lord Keeper[b] | 1640 | 1641 | |
|
Lord Lyttleton of Mounslow, Lord Keeper (Took Great Seal to the King in 1642) |
1641 | 1645 | |
| Richard Lane, Lord Keeper | 1645 | 1650 | ||
Charles II.svg) Court in exile from 1649 | ||||
| Vacant | 1650 | 1653 | ||
| Edward Herbert, Lord Keeper | 1653 | 1654 | ||
The Great Seal was captured and destroyed by Parliament on 11 August 1646.
Commissioners of Parliament's Great Seal 1643–1660
edit| Image | Name[2] | Term |
|---|---|---|
|
In commission:
|
Nov 1643 – Oct 1646 |
|
|
In commission:
|
1646–1648 |
|
|
In commission: | 1648–1649 |
|
|
In commission: | 1649–1654 |
|
|
In commission: | 1654–1656 |
|
|
In commission: | 1656–1659 |
|
|
In commission: | January–June 1659 |
|
|
In commission: | June 1659 – 1660 |
|
|
In commission: | 1660–1660 |
From the Restoration (1660) to the Act of Union (1707)
edit| Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper | Term of office | Other peerage(s) | Monarch (reign) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_(after)_-_Sir_Edward_Hyde_(1609%E2%80%931674),_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon_-_1257076_-_National_Trust.jpg)
|
Edward Hyde | 13 January 1658 |
30 August 1667 |
Baron Hyde in 1660 Earl of Clarendon in 1661 |
Charles II (1660–1685) |
|
Orlando Bridgeman[c] | 31 August 1667 |
17 November 1672 |
— | |
|
Anthony Ashley Cooper 1st Earl of Shaftesbury |
17 November 1672 |
9 November 1673 |
||
|
Heneage Finch (Lord Keeper until 1675) (Lord Finch from 10 January 1673, Earl of Nottingham from 12 May 1681) |
9 November 1673 |
18 December 1682† |
— | |
|
Francis North[c] | 20 December 1682 |
5 September 1685† |
Baron Guilford in 1683 | |
| James II (1685–1688) | |||||
|
Lord Jeffreys | 28 September 1685 |
December 1688 |
— | |
.svg)
|
In commission: | 4 March 1689 |
14 May 1690 |
— | Mary II.svg) (1689–1694) & William III (1689–1702) |
|
|
In commission: | 14 May 1690 |
22 March 1693 |
— | |
|
John Somers (Lord Keeper until 1697) (Lord Somers from 1697) |
23 March 1693 |
27 April 1700 |
— | |
|
|
In commission: | 27 April 1700 |
31 May 1700 |
— | |
|
Nathan Wright[c] | 31 May 1700 |
11 October 1705 |
— | |
Anne.svg) (1702–1714) | |||||
|
William Cowper[c] | 11 October 1705 |
4 May 1707 |
Baron Cowper in 1706 | |
Lord high chancellors and lord keepers of Great Britain (1707–present)
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Timeline
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Not Lord Chancellor as such, but exercised those functions as regent until she appointed William of Kilkenny; only woman to do so until Liz Truss was appointed in 2016.
- ^ a b c d e A former Speaker of the House of Commons.
- ^ a b c d Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
- ^ Lord Keeper of the Great Seal until 7 April 1713.
- ^ Lord Keeper of the Great Seal until 16 January 1761.
- ^ The Prince of Wales served as prince regent from 5 February 1811.
- ^ Charles Yorke, who had been associated with the opposition, was persuaded to accept appointment as Lord Chancellor and was to have been created Baron Morden. However on meeting with his erstwhile opposition colleagues he became ashamed of his action. He refused to sign the patent conferring the peerage on himself and then committed suicide.
- ^ a b A former Lord High Chancellor of Ireland.
- ^ First non-peer to serve as Lord Chancellor since Robert Henley as Lord Keeper of the Seal in 1760.
- ^ First woman to hold the office, and first to exercise its functions since Eleanor of Provence in 1254.
References
edit- ^ "Swearing In of the Lord Chancellor" (PDF). The Right Hon. The Lord Thomas of Cwmgiedd Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ Cook and Wroughton, English Historical Facts, 1603–1688, pp. 8–9
- ^ Geoffrey Treasure, ‘Cowper, William, first Earl Cowper (1665–1723)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2009 accessed 27 March 2009
- ^ "Dominic Raab resigns over bullying report". BBC News. 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
Sources
edit- John Haydn and Horace Ockerby, The Book of Dignities, third edition, W.H. Allen and Co. Ltd, London 1894, reprinted Firecrest Publishing Limited, Bath 1969, p. 352–358
- John Lord Campbell (1845) Lives of the Lords Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England. 5th ed. (1868) London: Murray, vol. 10
- Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.