List of missions to Mars

(Redirected from List of Mars missions)

This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers.

Missions

edit
Mission Type Legend
  Mission to Mars
  Gravity assist, destination elsewhere

Landing locations

edit
 
Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars, overlaid with the position of Martian rovers and landers. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
  Clickable image: Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
(   Active  Inactive  Planned)
 
Mars landing sites (16 December 2020)

In 1999, Mars Climate Orbiter accidentally entered Mars' atmosphere and either burnt up or left Mars' orbit on an unknown trajectory.[citation needed]

There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters.[45] As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event).[46] The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019.[47] Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.[48]

Timeline

edit
Zhurong (rover)Tianwen-1Ingenuity (helicopter)Perseverance (rover)InSightCuriosity (rover)Phoenix (spacecraft)Opportunity (rover)Spirit (rover)Sojourner (rover)Mars PathfinderViking 2Viking 1PrOP-MMars 3


Missions to the moons of Mars

edit
 
Phobos' Stickney Crater
 
Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid 951 Gaspra
 
Phobos by Mars Global Surveyor in 1998[49]

There have also have been proposed missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

Past missions

Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Soviet Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, while the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Phobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Phobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

Launched mission Target Reference
Phobos 1 Phobos
Phobos 2 Phobos
Fobos-Grunt Phobos
Planned missions

In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos.[50][51] This mission is called Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)[52] and is a flagship Strategic Large Mission.[53] MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions.[54] As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to launch in 2026.[55]

Planned mission Target Reference
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) Phobos and Deimos [52]
Past proposals

There have been at least three proposals in the United States Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.[56] The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, one of the latest known as Martian Moon Sample Return or MMSR, and it may use heritage from an asteroid sample return mission.[57]

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.[58] In 2012, it was stated that this mission would be both the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the Moons.[59]

The 'Red Rocks Project,' a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.[60][61]

Proposal Target Reference
Aladdin Phobos and Deimos [62]
DePhine Phobos and Deimos [63]
DSR Deimos [64]
Gulliver Deimos [65]
Hall Phobos and Deimos [66]
M-PADS Phobos and Deimos [67]
Merlin Phobos and Deimos [68]
MMSR (2011 ver.) Phobos or Deimos [57]
OSIRIS-REx 2 Phobos or Deimos [59]
Pandora Phobos and Deimos [56]
PCROSS Phobos [69]
Phobos Surveyor Phobos [70]
PRIME Phobos [71]
Fobos-Grunt 2 Phobos [72]
Phootprint Phobos [73][74]
PADME Phobos and Deimos [75][76]

Statistics

edit

Summary

edit
Launches to Mars
Decade
1960s
12
1970s
11
1980s
2
1990s
7
2000s
8
2010s
6
2020s
4

Mission milestone by country

edit
Legend

  Achieved
  Failed attempt
† First to achieve

Mars missions
Country/Agency Flyby Orbit Impact Lander Rover Powered flight Sample return Crewed Landing
  United States Mariner 4, 1965 Mariner 9, 1971 Mars Polar Lander, 1999 Viking 1, 1976 Sojourner, 1997 Ingenuity, 2021
  China Tianwen-1, 2021 Tianwen-1, 2021 Tianwen-1, 2021 Zhurong, 2021
  Soviet Union Mars 2, 1971 Mars 2, 1971 Mars 2 Lander, 1971 † Mars 3, 1971 PrOP-M, 1971
  ESA Mars Express, 2003 Mars Express, 2003 Schiaparelli EDM, 2016 Schiaparelli EDM, 2016
  Russia TGO, 2016 TGO, 2016 Mars 96, 1996 Mars 96, 1996
  India MOM, 2014 MOM, 2014
  UAE Hope, 2021 Hope, 2021
  United Kingdom Beagle 2, 2003 Beagle 2, 2003 Beagle 2, 2003[a]
  Japan Nozomi, 1998 Nozomi, 1998
Phobos missions
Country/Agency Impact Lander Rover Sample return
  Soviet Union Phobos 1, 1988 Phobos 1, 1988 Phobos 1, 1988
  Russia Fobos-Grunt, 2011 Fobos-Grunt, 2011 Fobos-Grunt, 2011

Missions by organization/company

edit
Country Agency or company Successful Partial failure Failure Operational Gravity assist Total
  United States NASA 13 - 5 4 1 23
  Soviet Union Energia 1 6 10 - - 17
  Russia Roscosmos - 1 2 - - 3
  ESA ESA - 2 - - 1 3
  China CNSA 1 - 1 1 - 2
  India ISRO 1 - - - - 1
  United Arab Emirates UAESA 1 - - 1 - 1
  Japan ISAS - - 1 - - 1
  United Kingdom NSC - - 1 - - 1

Future missions

edit

Under development

edit
Name Proposed
launch date
Type Status Reference
  EscaPADE NET Spring 2025 Two orbiters under development [77]
   Martian Moons eXploration 2026 Phobos sample return mission under development [55]
  Tianwen-3 2028 Mars sample return mission planned [78]
  TEREX Mid 2020s Orbiter planned [79]
  Rosalind Franklin 2028 Rover under development
  Mangalyaan-2 2026-2028 Orbiter, lander, rover planned [80][81]

Proposed missions

edit

Unrealized concepts

edit

1970s

edit
  • Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.[91]
  • Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
  • Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

1990s

edit
  • Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
  • Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission,[92] originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.[93]
  • Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.[94][95]
  • Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
  • Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failed Mars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.[96]

2000s

edit

2010s-2020s

edit
  • Mars One - announced in 2012, planned to land a demo lander on Mars by 2016, with a crewed landing to follow by 2023. These dates were delayed multiple times, and the project was eventually cancelled, with the company going bankrupt in 2019
  • Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
  • Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved to Mars 2020 rover.[99]
  • Red Dragon – Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of the Starship system.
  • Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere[100]
 
NASA missions to Mars (28 September 2021)
(Perseverance rover/Ingenuity Mars Helicopter; InSight lander; Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; Odyssey orbiter; Curiosity rover; MAVEN orbiter)

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ While Beagle 2 had landed intact, it failed to establish communication.

References

edit
  1. ^ Chronology of Mars Exploration. NASA. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
  2. ^ "Pathfinder Rover Gets Its Name".
  3. ^ "Russia's unmanned missions to Mars". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  4. ^ a b c "Chronology of Mars Missions". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.29797.65768. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Smith, Kiona N. (30 May 2017). "The Mariner 9 Spacecraft And The Race To Orbit Mars". Forbes. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Missions to Mars". The Planetary Society.
  7. ^ NASA Space Science Data Center, Mars 2 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
  8. ^ a b Perminov, V.G. (July 1999). The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union. NASA Headquarters History Division. pp. 34–60. ISBN 0-16-058859-6.
  9. ^ Webster, Guy (11 April 2013). "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  10. ^ "Mars 3 Lander". NASA. Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to make a successful soft landing on Mars.
  11. ^ "The First Rover on Mars - The Soviets Did It in 1971". Planetary Society. The Mars 2 and 3 rover, which landed on Mars in 1971.
  12. ^ a b "Mars 3 Spacecraft and Subsystems, NSSDCA cat". Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  13. ^ NASA Space Science Data Center, Mars 3 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
  14. ^ Pyle, Rod (2012). Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7. It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world.
  15. ^ "Soviet Mars Images". mentallandscape.com.
  16. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details".
  17. ^ "Mars Pathfinder Science Results". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  18. ^ "Mars Pathfinder Welcome to Mars Sol 86 (1 October 1997) Images". 1 October 1997. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  19. ^ "Nozomi - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  20. ^ A sol is the name for an Mars' day.
  21. ^ "ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 24 February 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  22. ^ Ray, Kalyan (8 February 2017). "Isro-Mars orbiter mission life extended up to 2020". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  23. ^ Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (21 September 2014). "NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet". NASA. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  24. ^ Clark, Stephen (24 May 2017). "Probe into crash of ESA lander recommends more checks on ExoMars descent craft". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  25. ^ "Weak Simulations, Inadequate Software & Mismanagement caused Schiaparelli Crash Landing". Spaceflight101. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  26. ^ Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016). "No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success". New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  27. ^ Wall, Mike (21 October 2016). "ExoMars '96 Percent' Successful Despite Lander Crash: ESA". Space.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  28. ^ Clark, Stephen (9 March 2016). "InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  29. ^ Chang, Kenneth (9 March 2016). "NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018". New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  30. ^ "NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight". blogs.nasa.gov. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  31. ^ "Live coverage: Launch of Emirates Mars Mission rescheduled for Sunday". Spaceflight Now. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  32. ^ "UAE's 'Hope' probe to be first in trio of Mars missions". Phys.Org. 7 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  33. ^ "UAE's Hope Probe on its Way to Glory". 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  34. ^ "The UAE's Hope Probe has successfully entered orbit around Mars". cnn.com. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  35. ^ Amos, Jonathan (23 July 2020). "China's Mars rover rockets away from Earth". BBC News. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  36. ^ "天外送祝福,月圆迎华诞——天问一号以"自拍国旗"祝福祖国71华诞". Weixin Official Accounts Platform. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  37. ^ "CGNT on twitter". 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021. China's Tianwen-1 probe lands on
  38. ^ "The scientific image map was unveiled, and it was a one-time tour! my country's first Mars exploration mission was a complete success". Retrieved 6 June 2021. The picture of the "touring group photo" shows the rover traveling about 10 meters south of the landing platform, releasing the separate camera installed at the bottom of the vehicle, and then retreating to the vicinity of the landing platform.
  39. ^ "New Year's Day greetings-China National Space Administration releases the images returned by the Tianwen-1 probe". 1 January 2022.
  40. ^ "Nasa Mars rover: Perseverance launches from Florida". BBC News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  41. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  42. ^ "Mars Helicopter". NASA Mars. Retrieved 30 July 2020. A technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars.
  43. ^ First Flight of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: Live from Mission Control. NASA. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021 – via YouTube.
  44. ^ "NASA launches a spacecraft to visit Psyche, an unseen metal world". 13 October 2023.
  45. ^ Adler, Mark; Owen, W.; Riedel, J. "Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  46. ^ "A Chronology of Mars Exploration". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  47. ^ "Viking 1 Orbiter". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  48. ^ NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, 29 November 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9
  49. ^ "JPL". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  50. ^ "Introduction to JAXA's Exploration of the Two Moons of Mars, with Sample Return from Phobos" (PDF). Phobos/Deimos Sample Return Mission Study Team. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  51. ^ "JAXA、火星衛星「フォボス」探査…22年に". The Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  52. ^ a b "ISASニュース 2016.1 No.418" (PDF) (in Japanese). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  53. ^ 宇宙科学・探査分野 工程表取り組み状況について その3 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  54. ^ Torishima, Shinya (19 June 2015). "JAXAの「火星の衛星からのサンプル・リターン」計画とは". Mynavi News (in Japanese). Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  55. ^ a b "Japan to Delay Mars Moon Exploration by 2 Years to 2026". Yomiuri Shimbun. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  56. ^ a b MERLIN: The Creative Choices Behind a Proposal to Explore the Martian Moons (Merlin and PADME info also)
  57. ^ a b Michel, P.; Agnolon, D.; Brucato, J.; Gondet, B.; Korablev, O.; Koschny, D.; Schmitz, N.; Willner, K.; Zacharov, A. (2 October 2011). "MMSR - a study for a Martian Moon Sample Return mission". Astrophysics Data System. 2011: 849. Bibcode:2011epsc.conf..849M. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  58. ^ Elifritz, T.L. "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars - Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos - A Mars Mission Proposal" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  59. ^ a b Elifritz, T.L (2012). "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars — Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos". Astrophysics Data System. 1679: 4017. Bibcode:2012LPICo1679.4017E. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  60. ^ Larry Page Deep Space Exploration - Stepping Stones builds up to "Red Rocks : Explore Mars from Deimos"
  61. ^ David, Leonard (20 April 2011). "One Possible Small Step Toward Mars Landing: A Martian Moon". Space.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  62. ^ "ALADDIN: PHOBOS-DEIMOS SAMPLE RETURN" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  63. ^ DePhine: The Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer. (PDF) Jurgen Oberst, Kai Wickhusen, Konrad Willner, Klaus Gwinner, Sofya Spiridonova, Ralph Kahle, Andrew Coates, Alain Herique, Dirk Plettemeier, Marina Dıaz-Michelena, Alexander Zakharo, Yoshifumi Futaana, Martin Patzold, Pascal Rosenblatt, David J. Lawrence, Valery Lainey, Alison Gibbings, Ingo Gerth. Advances in Space Research. Volume 62, Issue 8. pp: 2220-2238. 15 October 2018. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.12.028
  64. ^ Renton, D.C (26 April 2005). "SMALL BODY SAMPLE RETURN TO DEIMOS". ESA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  65. ^ Britt, D. "The Gulliver Mission: Sample Return from Deimos" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  66. ^ "P. Lee, et al. - Hall: A Phobos and Deimos Sample Return Mission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2012.
  67. ^ Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander (Ball, Andrew J.; Price, Michael E.; Walker, Roger J.; Dando, Glyn C.; Wells, Nigel S. and Zarnecki, John C. (2009). Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander. Advances in Space Research, 43(1), pp. 120–127.)
  68. ^ Murchie, S.; Eng, D.; Chabot, N.; Guo, Y.; Arvidson, R.; Yen, A.; Trebi-Ollennu, A.; Seelos, F.; Adams, E.; Fountain, G. (2014). "MERLIN: Mars-Moon Exploration, Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation". Acta Astronautica. 93: 475–482. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..475M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.10.014.
  69. ^ PCROSS, Phobos Close Rendevous [sic] Observation Sensing Satellite, Colaprete, A, et al.
  70. ^ Fischer, Maria (16 January 2013). "Mothership and her Hedgehogs: New Concept for Exploring Phobos". Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  71. ^ "PRIME" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2008.
  72. ^ Pultarova, Tereza (22 October 2012). "Phobos-Grunt 2 Bound for Launch in 2020, Russians Confirmed While Celebrating Sputnik". Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  73. ^ Barraclough, Simon; Ratcliffe, Andrew; Buchwald, Robert; Scheer, Heloise; Chapuy, Marc; Garland, Martin (16 June 2014). Phootprint: A European Phobos Sample Return Mission (PDF). 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop. Airbus Defense and Space. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  74. ^ Koschny, Detlef; Svedhem, Håkan; Rebuffat, Denis (2 August 2014). "Phootprint - A Phobos sample return mission study". ESA. 40: B0.4–9–14. Bibcode:2014cosp...40E1592K.
  75. ^ Lee, Pascal; Bicay, Michael; Colapre, Anthony; Elphic, Richard (17–21 March 2014). Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment (PADME): A LADEE-Derived Mission to Explore Mars's Moons and the Martian Orbital Environment (PDF). 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014).
  76. ^ Reyes, Tim (1 October 2014). "Making the Case for a Mission to the Martian Moon Phobos". Universe Today. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  77. ^ Berger, Eric (6 September 2024). "Faced with a tight deadline, NASA and Blue Origin agree to delay New Glenn debut". ArsTechnica. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  78. ^ Jones, Andrew (20 June 2022). "China aims to bring Mars samples to Earth 2 years before NASA, ESA mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  79. ^ 惑星資源探査 ⼩型テラヘルツ探査機 (PDF) (in Japanese). National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  80. ^ "India's next Mars mission likely to be an lander". The Week. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  81. ^ "Isro says India's second Mars mission Mangalyaan-2 will be an lander and a helicopter mission". India Today. 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  82. ^ Foust, Jeff (24 May 2023). "Impulse and Relativity target 2026 for launch of first Mars lander mission". SPACENEWS. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  83. ^ Chang, Kenneth (5 October 2023). "Elon Musk Says SpaceX Could Land on Mars in 3 to 4 Years". New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  84. ^ Torchinsky, Rina (17 March 2022). "Elon Musk hints at a crewed mission to Mars in 2029". NPR. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  85. ^ Foust, Jeff (21 September 2023). "NASA Mars Sample Return budget and schedule "unrealistic," independent review concludes". spacenews.com. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  86. ^ Foust, Jeff (28 March 2022). "NASA to delay Mars Sample Return, switch to dual-lander approach". spacenews.com. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  87. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (22 August 2019). "Inside Sierra Nevada's Inflatable Space Habitat for Astronauts in Lunar Orbit (Photos)". SPACE.com. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  88. ^ Foust, Jeff (28 March 2022). "White House requests $26 billion for NASA for 2023". spacenews.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  89. ^ Ammannito, Eleonora; Amoroso, Marilena; Flamini, Enrico; Viotti, Michelle A.; Mugnuolo, Raffaele; Haltigin, Timothy; Boulais, Etienne; Lafrance, Sebastien; Usui, Tomohiro; Baker, David M. Hollibaugh; Davis, Richard M.; Kelley, Michael S.; Collom, Robert B. (3 July 2024). "International Mars Ice Mapper Mission: The combined scientific potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar, Very High Frequency (VHF) Sounding, Submillimeter Sounding, and High-Resolution Imaging for Climatology, Geology, Habitability and Human Exploration". doi:10.5194/epsc2024-1074 – via meetingorganizer.copernicus.org.
  90. ^ "Final three for ESA's next medium science mission". ESA. 8 November 2023.
  91. ^ Советский грунт с Марса (in Russian). novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru Archived 26 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ^ C. Tarrieu, "Status of the Mars 96 Aerostat Development", Paper IAF-93-Q.3.399, 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, 1993.
  93. ^ P.B. de Selding, "Planned French Balloon May Be Dropped", Space News, 17–23 April 1995, pp. 1, 20
  94. ^ "Mars Together Update". nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  95. ^ "Mars Together: An Update". nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  96. ^ "Mars-98". epizodsspace.airbase.ru.
  97. ^ Oliver Morton in To Mars, En Masse, pp. 1103–04, Science (Magazine) vol. 283, 19 February 1999, ISSN 0036-8075
  98. ^ MIT Mars Airplane Project. Marsnews.com. Retrieved on 14 August 2012.
  99. ^ O'Rourke, Joseph (9 September 2014). "Instruments selected for Mars 2020, NASA's latest rover". Astrobites.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  100. ^ Exploring Mars: Blowing in the Wind? Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Jpl.nasa.gov (10 August 2001). Retrieved on 2012-08-14.
  101. ^ Stephen, Clark (3 March 2015). "NASA eyes ion engines for Mars orbiter launching in 2022". Space Flight Now. Retrieved 5 March 2015.