This list of Narcissus species shows the accepted species names within the genus Narcissus (/nɑːrˈsɪsəs/), which are predominantly spring perennial plants in the Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) family. Various common names including daffodil, narcissus, and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus. The list of species is arranged by subgenus and section. Estimates of the number of species in Narcissus have varied widely, from anywhere between 16 and nearly 160,[2][3][4] even in the modern era. Carl Linnaeus originally included six species in 1753.
| Narcissus (Daffodil) Temporal range: Late Oligocene - Recent
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Narcissus poeticus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Tribe: | Narcisseae |
| Genus: | Narcissus L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Narcissus poeticus | |
| Subgenera | |
| |
Much of the variation lies in the definition of species, and whether closely related taxa are considered separate species or subspecies. Thus, a very wide view of each species, such as Webb's[5] results in few species, while a very narrow view such as that of Fernandes[6] results in a larger number.[7] Another factor is the status of hybrids, given natural hybridisation. There is a distinction between what are referred to as 'ancient hybrids' which are found occurring over a relatively large area, and 'recent hybrids' with a more restricted range and found growing as solitary plants amongst their parents. The former are more often considered as separate species.[4]
Fernandes (1951) accepted 22 species,[8] on which were based the 27 species listed by Webb in the 1980 Flora Europaea.[5] By 1968, Fernandes had accepted 63 species,[6] and by 1990 Blanchard listed 65 species,[3] and Erhardt 66 in 1993.[9] In 2006 the International Daffodil Register listed 87 species. In contrast, the genetic study by Zonneveld (2008) resulted in only 36 species (for list and comparison with Webb, see Zonneveld Table 4).[4]
As of September 2014[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 52 species, along with at least 60 hybrids.[10] Another important source is the Royal Horticultural Society's Botanical Classification[11] and list of botanical names (October 2014)[12] which is the basis of their International Daffodil Register.[13] This is a searchable list[14] and had 81 accepted names in its October 2014 release.[12]
Table of Narcissus species
editOver 300 synonymous species names are listed, reflecting wide variations in how the genus is divided into species.[10] These have been arranged into Sections. These should not be confused with the horticultural classification of cultivars into divisions by the Royal Horticultural Society[15]
Sections (with type species) shown are according to Zonneveld (2008).[4] In addition Mathew (2002) further divides the sections into subsections.[7]
- Apodanthi (N. calcicola)
- Bulbocodium (N. bulbocodium)
- Ganymedes (N. triandrus)
- Jonquillae (N. jonquilla)
- Juncifolii (N. assoanus)
- Narcissus (N. poeticus)
- Nevadensis (N. nevadensis)
- Pseudonarcissus (N. pseudonarcissus)
- Tapeinanthus (N. cavanillesii)
- Serotini (N. serotinus)
- Tazettae (N. tazetta)
For a list of species by Section according to the Royal Horticultural Society, see the RHS Botanical Classification (updated September 2013), which is the basis of their International Daffodil Register.[16]
| Name | Authority | Common name | Image | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgenus Hermione (Haw.) Spach. Type species: N. tazetta | ||||
| Section Aurelia (Gay) Baker Narcissus broussonetii (incorporated into Tazettae, 2008[4]) | ||||
| Section Serotini Parlatore | ||||
| Narcissus obsoletus syn. N. miniatus |
(Haw.) Spach Donnison-Morgan, Koopowitz & Zonneveld |
 |
West, north and east Mediterranean basin Map | |
| Narcissus serotinus Type species |
L. | .jpg) |
Spain, NW Africa Additional map | |
| Section Tazettae de Candolle | ||||
| Narcissus broussonetii[notes 1][4] | Lag. y Seg. |  |
North Africa Map | |
| Narcissus dubius | Gouan | _04a.jpg) |
NW Spain, S France Additional map | |
| Narcissus elegans | (Haw.) Spach | Image | West Mediterranean Map | |
| Narcissus papyraceus syn. N. barlae |
Ker Gawl. Parlatore |
Paperwhite |  |
NW Africa, west and north Mediterranean  Additional map |
| Narcissus tazetta Type species |
L. |  |
Mediterranean basin, Middle East Map | |
| Subgenus Narcissus L. Type species: N. poeticus | ||||
| Section Apodanthi A.Fernandes | ||||
| Narcissus albimarginatus | D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies | Image | Morocco Map | |
| Narcissus calcicola Type species |
Mendonça |  |
| |
| Narcissus rupicola syn. N. atlanticus[4] |
Dufour ex Schult.f. Stern |
 |
Portugal, Spain, Morocco Additional map | |
| Narcissus scaberulus | Henriq. | Image | 
| |
| Previously N. cuatrecasasii Fern.Casas (moved to Jonquillae[4]) | ||||
| Section Bulbocodium de Candolle | ||||
| Narcissus bulbocodium Type species |
L. | Hoop-petticoat daffodil |  |
France, Spain Map |
| Narcissus cantabricus | DC. | White Hoop-petticoat Daffodil |  |
Spain, NW Africa Additional map |
| Narcissus foliosus | (Maire) Fern.Casas | Image | Morocco Map | |
| Narcissus hedraeanthus | (Webb & Heldr.) Colmeiro |  |
| |
| Narcissus nivalis | Graells | Image | Spain, Portugal Map | |
| Narcissus obesus | Salisb. |  |
| |
| Narcissus romieuxii | Braun-Blanq. & Maire |  |
Morocco Map | |
Doubtful
| ||||
| Section Ganymedes (Haworth) Schultes f. | ||||
| Narcissus lusitanicus | Dorda & Fern. Casas |  |
Portugal Map | |
| Narcissus pallidulus syn. N. cernuus[notes 2] |
Graells Salisb. |
Image | Spain, Portugal Map | |
| Narcissus triandrus[notes 3] Type species |
L. | Angel's-tears |  |
France, Spain, Portugal Map |
| Section Jonquilla de Candolle[notes 4] | ||||
| Narcissus blanchardii syn. N. flavus[notes 5] |
Zonn. stat. nov. Lag. |
Image | Portugal, Spain Map | |
| Narcissus cuatrecasasii[notes 6] | Fern.Casas, Lainz & Ruiz Rejon |  |
Spain, Morocco Additional map | |
| Narcissus jonquilla Type species |
L. | Jonquil Rush daffodil |
 |
|
| Narcissus viridiflorus | Schousb. |  |
Gibraltar, Morocco Map | |
| Section Juncifolii (A. Fern.) Zonn. sect nov.[notes 7] | ||||
| Narcissus assoanus Type species |
Dufour | Rush-leaf jonquil |  | |
E Spain, S France Additional map |
| Narcissus gaditanus | Boiss. & Reuter |  |
| |
| Section Narcissus L. | ||||
| Narcissus poeticus Type species |
L. | Poet's Narcissus |  |
Central Europe Map |
| Section Nevadensis Zonn. sect. nov [notes 8] | ||||
| Narcissus bujei[notes 9] | Fern. Casas | Image | S Spain | |
| Narcissus longispathus[notes 10] | Pugsley |  |
S Spain Map | |
| Narcissus nevadensis Type species |
Pugsley |  |
| |
| Section Pseudonarcissus de Candolle[notes 11] Trumpet daffodils | ||||
| Narcissus abscissus | (Haw.) Roem. & Schult.f. | Image | Spain, S France Additional map | |
| Narcissus asturiensis | (Jord.) Pugsley |  |
N Spain, Portugal Map | |
| Narcissus cyclamineus | DC. | Cyclamen-flowered Daffodil |  |
Portugal, NW Spain Map |
| Narcissus jacetanus | Fern.Casas |  |
NE Spain Map | |
| Narcissus moleroi | Fern.Casas | Image Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine | 
| |
| Narcissus primigenius | (Fern.Suárez ex M.Laínz) Fern.Casas & Laínz | Image | 
| |
| Narcissus pseudonarcissus Type species |
L. | Wild Daffodil |  |
W. Europe Map |
Previously
| ||||
| Section Tapeinanthus (Herbert) Traub | ||||
| Narcissus cavanillesii | Barra & G.López |  |
Portugal, Spain, NW Africa Additional map | |
Intersectional hybrids (Nothospecies)
edit- Narcissus x alleniæ Donnison-Morgan (N. obsoletus × N. viridiflorus)[17]
- Narcissus x obsoletus (Haw.) Spach (N. elegans × N. serotinus)[notes 12]
- Narcissus × medioluteus syn. N. biflorus
See also
edit- Taxonomy of Narcissus
- List of Narcissus horticultural divisions
- List of AGM narcissus - species and cultivars which have won the RHS Award of Garden Merit
- List of Narcissus species (Spanish version)
Notes
edit- ^ Moved from Aurelia
- ^ Not currently accepted by The Plant List, which lists it as a synonym of N. cernuus Salisb., which is listed by Mathews as a variety of N. triandrus.
- ^ N. lusitanicus and N. pallidulus originally considered subspecies or varieties of N. triandrus. However both Zonnefeld (2008), together with Dorda and Fernandez Casas (1989) and Perez-Barrales et al. (2006) find sufficient evidence to consider these to be separate species
- ^ N. assoanus Dufour ex Schult. & Schult.f. and N. gaditanus Boiss. & Reut. were previously included in Jonquilla but were moved to Juncifolii in 2008 when this was split off (Zonneveld 2008)
- ^ N. flavus is the accepted name according to The Plant List, but Zonneveld, who described the taxon, disputes this. (Akers 2011)
- ^ Moved from Apodanthi (Zonneveld 2008)
- ^ Fernandes considered this a subsection of Jonquilla
- ^ Although Aedo in the Flora Iberica considered these to all be Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern., (Aedo 2014) Medrano et al. criticised this approach for ignoring phylogenetic evidence to the contrary, and their data support the differentiation into these three species. (Medrano 2014)
- ^ While the World Checklist considers this to be a synonym of N. longispathus, Zonneveld treated it as a separate species on the basis of DNA content
- ^ Moved from Pseudonarcissus (Zonneveld 2008)
- ^ The taxonomy and speciation of Section Pseudonarcissus, the largest section, has proved particularly problematic, even after splitting it into two. Zonneveld subdivided the section into two sections Pseudonarcissus (France, northern Spain and Portugal) and Nevadensis (southern Spain). Opinions as to the number of species varies considerably, from considering the section as a single variable species to a section with a very large number of species. Zonneveld accepted eight, with those taxa having similar amounts of DNA considered as either synonyms or subspecies. He accepted eight subspecies.(Zonneveld 2008) Mathew considered there to be two groups, which he labelled A (small flowers up to 3.5 cm in diameter) and B (large flowers, 5–12 cm in diameter).(Mathew 2002)
- ^ Accepted as species by World Checklist, but see Zonnefeld
References
edit- ^ Linnaeus 1753.
- ^ Haworth 1831.
- ^ a b Blanchard 1990.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Zonneveld 2008.
- ^ a b Webb 1980.
- ^ a b Fernandes 1968.
- ^ a b Mathew 2002.
- ^ Fernandes 1951.
- ^ Erhardt 1993.
- ^ a b "Narcissus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^ "Botanical Classification". Royal Horticultural Society. 23 September 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Botanical names in the genus Narcissus". Royal Horticultural Society. October 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ "Daffodil cultivar registration". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ "Search The International Daffodil Register & Classified List". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ Royal Horticultural Society System of Classification
- ^ RHS Botanical Classification
- ^ Fernández-Casas 2011.
Works cited
editBooks
edit- Aedo, C (2014). "Narcissus L." (PDF). In Talavera, S; Andrés, C; Arista, M; Fernández Piedra, MP; Rico, E; Crespo, MB; Quintanar, A; Herrero, A; Aedo, C (eds.). Flora Iberica. Vol 20 (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- Blanchard, J. W. (1990). Narcissus: a guide to wild daffodils. Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. ISBN 978-0-900048-53-1.
- Erhardt, Walter (1993). Narzissen: Osterglocken, Jonquillen, Tazetten (in German). Stuttgart (Hohenheim): E. Ulmer. ISBN 978-3-8001-6489-9. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- Fernandes, A. (1968). "Keys to the identification of native and naturalized taxa of the genus Narcissus L." (PDF). Daffodil and Tulip Year Book. pp. 37–66. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-21935-5. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- Haworth, A.H. (1831). Narcissinearum Monographia (PDF) (2nd. ed.). London: Ridgway. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum vol. 1. p. 289. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- Mathew, B. (2002). Classification of the genus Narcissus. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Retrieved 2 October 2014. In Hanks (2002)
- Tutin, T. G.; Heywood, V H; Burges, N. A.; Moore, D. M.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters, S. M.; Webb, D. A., eds. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20108-7. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 4 October 2014., in Tutin et al (1980)
Articles
edit- Fernandes, A. (1951). "Sur la phylogenie des especes du genre Narcissus L." Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana II. 25: 113–190. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2011). "Narcissorum Notulae, XXXI" (PDF). Fontqueria (in Spanish). 56 (26): 239–248. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5, June): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272.
- Zonneveld, B. J. M. (2008). "The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 275 (1–2): 109–132. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0015-1. hdl:1887/13962.
Websites
edit- Akers, J. (2011). "Narcissus flavus" (October 10). Daffnet. American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Further reading
edit- "Daffodils". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- "DaffSeek - Daffodil Database with Photos". American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- "Narcissus". The Plant List. Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- "How to grow daffodils". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 29 June 2020.