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During World War II, Germany fielded many aircraft and rockets whose fuels, and oxidizers, were designated (letter)-Stoff (pronounced [ʃtɔf]). The following list of stoffs refers to the World War II aerospace meanings if not noted otherwise.
Meaning of stoff
editThe German word Stoff (plural Stoffe), like the English word stuff, derives from Old French estoffe, however the meanings are somewhat different. Stoff has a fairly broad range of meanings, including "chemical substance" or "matter", "fuel" and "cloth", depending on the context.[1] The German names of the common elements hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff and Stickstoff ("hydrogen" being a scientific Greek neologism for "constituent of water", "oxygen" for "constituent of acids", "nitrogen" for "constituent of nitre", i.e. saltpeter - although the German root stick- is derived from ersticken, "to smother, suffocate", referring to its property of not supporting combustion and respiration). Stoff was used in chemical code names in both world wars. Some code names were reused between the wars and had different meanings at different times; for example, T-Stoff meant a rocket propellant in World War II, but a tear gas (xylyl bromide) in World War I.
List
edit- A-Stoff (World War I): chloroacetone (tear gas)[2]
- A-Stoff (World War II): liquid oxygen (LOX)
- B-Stoff (short for Brennstoff, literally, "fuel"): the 75% ethanol / 25% water fuel used in the V-2 ballistic rocket[3] The word was also used for hydrazine, or a mixture of hydrazine in methyl alcohol, (used in the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet rocket powered fighter aircraft).[4]
- Bn-Stoff (World War I): bromomethyl ethyl ketone, homomartonite (tear gas)[2]
- Br-Stoff: Ligroin extracted from crude gasoline
- C-Stoff: 57% methanol / 30% hydrazine / 13% water / small amount of Catalyst 431 potassium-cuprous cyanide coordination complex
- F-Stoff: titanium tetrachloride
- K-Stoff: methyl chloroformate
- M-Stoff: methanol
- N-Stoff: chlorine trifluoride
- P-Stoff: Compressed nitrogen or compressed air used for preparing a V-2 missile for launch from its Meillerwagen transporter/erector trailer
- R-Stoff or Tonka: 57% xylidine / 43% triethylamine
- S-Stoff: 90% nitric acid / 10% sulfuric acid or 96% nitric acid / 4% ferric chloride (The ferric chloride acted as a catalyst.[5])
- SV-Stoff or Salbei (sage): 94% nitric acid / 6% dinitrogen tetroxide or 85% nitric acid / 15% sulfuric acid
- T-Stoff (World War I): xylyl bromide tear gas[2]
- T-Stoff (World War II): 80% concentrated hydrogen peroxide / small amounts of 8-Hydroxyquinoline / 20% water used as hypergolic oxidizer with C-Stoff for the HWK 109-509 A through C rocket engines, or as monopropellant or power source with Z-Stoff for the HWK 109-500 Starthilfe RATO and HWK 109-507 ASM rocket booster pods
- U-Stoff: dinitrogen tetroxide
- X-Stoff: tetranitromethane
- XU-Stoff: 70% (by weight) X-Stoff (tetranitromethane) / 30% (by weight) U-Stoff (dinitrogen tetroxide)
- Z-Stoff: calcium permanganate / sodium permanganate / water
References
edit- ^ "Stoff". Duden (in German). Berlin: Bibliographisches Institut. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Ford, Brian J.,Secret Weapons, 2011, p.33 ISBN 978 1 84908 390 4
- ^ Forrest S. Forbes and Peter A. Van Splinter (2003). "Liquid Rocket Propellants", in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition).
- ^ T. W. Price and D. D. Evans (1968), The Status of Monopropellant Hydrazine Technology, NASA Technical Report 32-7227, p. 1. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ Clark, John D. (1972). "9: What Ivan Was Doing". Ignition! An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants (PDF). Rutgers University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0813507251.
External links
edit- www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org — Fuels used by German rocket engines
- Die Tarnnummern des Reichsluftfahrtministeriums(in German)