There were 40 known prisoner-of-war camps across Canada during World War II, although this number also includes internment camps that held Canadians of German and Japanese descent.[1] Several reliable sources indicate that there were only 25 or 26 camps holding exclusively prisoners from foreign countries, nearly all from Germany.[2][3][4]
The camps were identified by letters at first, then by numbers.[5] In addition to the main camps there were branch camps and labour camps. The prisoners were given various tasks; many worked in the forests as logging crews or on nearby farms; they were paid a nominal amount for their labour. Approximately 11,000 were thus employed by 1945.[3]
The largest number of military prisoners of war was recorded as 33,798 by several sources.[6][7][8] In addition to POWs, some civilian internees were held in the camps and some estimates include such prisoners.[7][9]
All POWs were protected by the conditions of the Geneva Convention. There are claims that conditions in the Canadian camps tended to be better than average, and many times better than the conditions of the barracks that Canadian troops were kept in.[2] They were guarded by the Veterans Guard of Canada, mostly men who had been soldiers during WW I.[7] It is believed by some that the lenient treatment foiled many escape attempts before they even started. It is told that a group of German prisoners returned to Ozada camp after escaping because of encountering a grizzly bear.[10] Starting in 1945, all POWs were released and returned to their home countries.[7] None were allowed to remain in Canada, but some later returned as immigrants.[3]
| Camp | Place | Province | Relative Location | Specific Location | Period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | Chatham | Ontario | 260 km southwest of Toronto | 1944 1945-1946 | |
| 10 | Fingal | Ontario | 40 km south of London | 1945-1946 | |
| 20 (C) | Gravenhurst | Ontario | 170 km north of Toronto | 1940-1946 | |
| 21 (F) | Espanola | Ontario | 330 km NNW of Toronto | 1940-1943 | |
| 22 (M) | Mimico | Ontario | 15 km west of Toronto | 1940-1944 | |
| 23 (Q) | Monteith (near Iroquois Falls) | Ontario | 700 km north of Toronto | 1940-1946 | |
| 30 | Bowmanville | Ontario | 65 km ENE of Toronto | 1941-1945 | |
| 31 (F) | Kingston | Ontario | 145 km SSW of Ottawa | 1940-1943 | |
| 32 (H) | Hull | Quebec | 10 km north of Ottawa | 1941-1947 | |
| 33 (F) | Petawawa | Ontario | 130 km WNW of Ottawa | 1942-1946 | |
| 40 (A) | Farnham | Quebec | 50 km ESE of Montreal | 825 Rue Principale O, Farnham, QC[11] | 1940-1941 1942-1943 1944-1946 |
| 42 (N) | Newington (Sherbrooke) | Quebec | 130 km east of Montreal | 990 Rue Bowen S, Sherbrooke, QC [12] | 1942-1946 |
| 43 | Ile Ste Helene, Montreal | Quebec | 1940-1943 | ||
| 44 | Feller College / Grande Ligne | Quebec | 56 km southeast of Montreal | 1943-1946 | |
| 45 | Sorel | Quebec | 65 km NNE of Montreal | 1945-1946 | |
| 70 (B) | Fredericton (Ripples) | New Brunswick | 20 km east of Fredericton | 1941-1945 | |
| 100 (W) | Neys | Ontario | 1100 km northwest of Toronto | 1944-1943 1944-1946 | |
| 101 (X) | Angler | Ontario | 800 km northwest of Toronto | 1941-1946 | |
| 130 | Seebe | Alberta | 100 km west of Calgary | 1939-1946 | |
| 132 | Medicine Hat | Alberta | 260 km ESE of Calgary | 2055 21 Ave SE, Medicine Hat, AB | 1943-1945 |
| 133 | Ozada | Alberta | 130 km west of Calgary | 1942 | |
| 133 | Lethbridge | Alberta | 160 km southeast of Calgary | 1942-1946 | |
| ? | Chisholm | Alberta | 180 km N of Edmonton | ? | |
| 135 | Wainwright | Alberta | 190 km ESE of Edmonton | 1945-1946 | |
| (R) | Red Rock | Ontario | Lake Superior | 1940-1941 | |
| ? | Whitewater | Manitoba | Riding Mountain National Park | 1943-1945 | |
| N/A | Wainfleet | Ontario | Close to Port Colborne | 1943-1945 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Canadian Internment Camps | Petawawa Heritage Village". www.petawawaheritagevillage.com.
- ^ a b "Prisoner of War Camps in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b c "The Happiest Prisoners | Legion Magazine". legionmagazine.com. 15 March 2012.
- ^ "Little left of PoW camps that dotted northern Ontario 70 years ago | Toronto Sun". 30 August 2012.
- ^ Tremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00.
- ^ August 30, Jon Thompson More from Jon Thompson Published on; August 31, 2012 | Last Updated; Edt, 2012 11:31 Am (30 August 2012). "Little left of PoW camps that dotted northern Ontario 70 years ago".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d "WarMuseum.ca - Democracy at War - Axis Prisoners in Canada - Canada and the War". www.warmuseum.ca.
- ^ Dodson, Timothy; Myers, A. "Prisoners of War and Dreams of Freedom: Dugout Canoes at a Second World War Work Camp in Manitoba, Canada" – via www.academia.edu.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Homefront in Alberta - Alberta and the Keeping of German Prisoners of War, 1939-1947". wayback.archive-it.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010.
- ^ "HOMELAND STORIES: Enemies Within" (PDF). ReadingAndRemembrance.ca.
- ^ "Camp 40 (Camp A) – Farnham, Quebec". Michael O'Hagan. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ Lapointe, Vicky (16 August 2012). "Photos: le camp d'internement no 42 (camp Newington), Sherbrooke 1944-1945". Patrimoine, Histoire et Multimédia (in French). Retrieved 28 May 2021.