The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions.
Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.
Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify).
Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)
Africa
edit| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Cyrenaica | Cyrene | Cyrenes |
| Darfur | Darfur | Darfuris |
| Maghreb | Maghreb | Maghrebis |
| Mediterranean | Mediterranean | |
| Nile River | Nilotic | |
| Nubia | Nubian | Nubians |
| Sahara | Saharan | Sahrawi |
| Zanzibar | Zanzibar | Zanzibaris |
| Macaronesia | Macaronesian | Macaronesians |
Americas
edit| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Acadia | Acadian | Acadians |
| Acadiana, Cajun Country | Acadian | (Cajuns) |
| Aleutian Islands | Aleut, Aleutian | Aleuts, Aleutians |
| Amazon river and Amazon region | Amazonian | |
| Andes | Andean | |
| Antilles | Antillean | Antilleans |
| Appalachia | Appalachian | |
| Caribbean | Caribbean | |
| Cascadia | Cascadian | Cascadians |
| Ceara | Cearense | Cearenses |
| Guiana | Guianan | Guianans |
| Long Island | Long Island | Long Islanders |
| Maritimes | Maritime | Maritimers |
| Minas Gerais | Mineiro | Mineiros |
| New England | New England | New Englanders |
| Northern Mexico | Norteño | Norteños |
| Patagonia | Patagonian | Patagonians |
| Paraná (state) | Paranaense | Paranaenses |
| Rio de Janeiro (state) | Fluminense | Fluminenses |
| Rio Grande do Sul | Sul-rio-grandense, Gaúcho | Gaúchos |
| St. Lawrence River | Laurentian | |
| Santa Catarina | Catarinense, Barriga-verde | Catarinenses, Barrigas-verdes |
| São Paulo (state) | Paulista | Paulistas |
| South (U.S.) | Southern | Southerners |
| Upper Peninsula of Michigan | Yoopers | |
| West Indies | West Indian | West Indians |
Asia
edit| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Bali | Balinese | Balinese |
| Balochistan, Baluchistan | Balochi/s, Baluchi/s | |
| Bangsamoro | Moro | |
| Bengal | Bengali | Bengalis |
| Bicol | Bicol, Bicolano | Bicolanos |
| Bihar | Bihari | Biharis |
| Borneo | Bornean | Borneans |
| Caucasus, Caucasia | Caucasian, Caucasic | Caucasians |
| Central Asia | Central Asian | Central Asians |
| Flores | Floresian | |
| Gujarat | Gujarati | Gujaratis |
| Himalayas | Himalayan | |
| Hokkaidō | Dosanko (道産子 [ja]) | |
| Indochina | Indochinese | Indochinese |
| Java, Pasundan | Javanese, Sundanese | Javanese, Sundanese |
| Kashmir | Kashmiran | Kashmiris, Kashmirite |
| Korea | Korean | Koreans |
| Kumaon | Kumaoni | Kumaiye, Kumaonis |
| Luzon | Luzones | Luzones |
| Melanesia | Melanesian | Melanesians |
| Moluccas | Moluccan | Moluccans |
| Mindanao | Mindanaoan | Mindanaoans |
| Negros | Negrenses, Negrosanons | |
| Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands | Okinawan, Ryukyuan | Okinawans, Ryukyuans |
| Punjab | Punjabi | Punjabis |
| Siberia | Siberian | Siberians |
| Indian subcontinent | Subcontinental | Desis |
| Sulawesi | Sulawesian | Sulawesians |
| Sumatra | Sumatran | Sumatrans |
| Sylhet | Sylheti | Sylhetis |
| Tibet | Tibetan | Tibetans |
| Visayas | Visayan | Visayans |
Middle East
edit| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Arabia | Arab, Arabian | Arabs, Arabians |
| Galilee | Galilean | Galileans |
| Judea, Judaea | Judean, Judaean | Judeans, Judaeans |
| Levant | Levantine | Levantines |
| Kurdistan | Kurdish | Kurds |
| Samaria | Samaritan | Samaritans |
| Anatolia | Anatolian | Anatolians |
Oceania
edit| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Antipodesa | Antipodean | Antipodeans |
| Melanesia | Melanesian | Melanesians |
| Micronesia | Micronesian | Micronesians |
| Polynesia | Polynesian | Polynesians |
| Tahiti | Tahitian | Tahitians |
| New Guinea | New Guinean | New Guineans |
|
a Usually refers to Australia and New Zealand. | ||
Europe
edit| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Alps | Alpine | |
| Alsace | Alsatian | Alsatians |
| Andalusia | Andalusian | Andalusians |
| Apennines | Apennine | |
| Apulia | Apulian | Apulians |
| Aragon | Aragonese | Aragonese |
| Asturias | Asturian | Asturians |
| Balkans | Balkan | |
| Baltic region | Baltic | Balts |
| Bavaria | Bavarian | Bavarians |
| Basque Country | Basque | Basques |
| Bessarabia | Bessarabian | Bessarabians |
| Black Sea region, Chornomoriia | Black Sea, Chornomorian | Black Sea Cossacks |
| Bohemia | Bohemian | Bohemians |
| Boyko region, Boikivshchyna | Boyko | Boykos |
| Bukovina | Bukovinian | Bukovinians |
| Brittany | Breton | Bretons |
| Burgundy | Burgundian | Burgundians |
| Calabria | Calabrian | Calabrians |
| Cambridge | Cantabrigian | Cantabrigians |
| Campania | Campanian | Campanians |
| Cantabria | Cantabrian | Cantabrians |
| Canterbury | Cantuarian | Cantuarians |
| Carinthia | Carinthian | Carinthians |
| Carpathians | Carpathian | |
| Castile | Castilian | Castilians |
| Catalonia | Catalan | Catalans |
| Caucasus, Caucasia | Caucasian, Caucasic | Caucasians |
| Ciscarpathia | Ciscarpathian | |
| Cornwall | Cornish | Cornish |
| Corsica | Corsican | Corsicans |
| Courland | Curonian | Curonians |
| Crete | Cretan | Cretans |
| Crimea | Crimean | Crimeans |
| Cumbria | Cumbrian | Cumbrians |
| Dalmatia | Dalmatian | Dalmatians |
| Danube River | Danubian | |
| Dnieper Ukraine | Dniprian | Dniprians |
| Extremadura | Extremaduran | Extremadurans |
| Fife | Fife | Fifers |
| Flanders | Flemish | Flemings |
| Franconia | Franconian | Franconians |
| Friesland, Frisian Islands | Friesian, Frisian | Friesians, Frisians |
| Galicia (Central Europe) | Galician | Galicians |
| Galloway | Gallovidian | Gallovidians |
| Gascony | Gascon | Gascons |
| Gotland | Gotland | Gotlanders |
| Gozo | Gozitan | Gozitans |
| Harrow | Harrovian | Harrovians |
| Hesse | Hessian | Hessians |
| Holstein | Holsteinian | Holsteiners |
| Hutsul region, Hutsulshchyna | Hutsul | Hutsuls |
| Iberian Peninsula | Iberian | Iberians |
| Istria | Istrian | Istrians |
| Jutland | Jutland | Jutlanders |
| Karelia | Karelian | Karelians |
| Kosovo and Methohija | Kosovar, Kosovan | Kosovars, Kosovans |
| Kuban | Kuban | Kubanians, Kuban Cossacks |
| Left-bank Ukraine, "Little Russia" (historical), Hetmanshchyna, Hetmania | Ukrainian, "Little Russian" (historical) | Hetmanians, hetmantsi, "Little Russians" (historical), Ukrainians |
| Lemko region, Lemkivshchyna | Lemkian, Lemk | Lemkos, Lemkians, Lemks |
| Lancashire | Lancastrian | Lancastrians |
| Lapland, Sápmi | Laplandic, Sámi | Laplanders, Sámi |
| León | Leonese | Leoneses |
| Lombardy | Lombard, Lombardic | Lombards |
| Lorraine | Lorrainian | Lorrainians |
| Lusatia | Lusatian | Lusatians |
| Majorca, Mallorca | Majorcan, Mallorcan | Majorcans, Mallorcans |
| Mediterranean | Mediterranean | |
| Menorca | Menorcan | Menorcans |
| Moravia | Moravian | Moravians |
| Murcia | Murcian | Murcians |
| Navarre | Navarrese | Navarrese |
| Normandy | Norman | Normans |
| Northumberland, Northumbria | Northumbrian | Northumbrians |
| Orkney | Orcadian | Orcadians |
| Palatinate | Palatine | Palatines |
| Peloponnese | Peloponnesian | Peloponnesians |
| Pennines | Pennine | |
| Picardy | Picard | Picards |
| Piedmont | Piedmontese | Piedmontese |
| Po River | Padane | |
| Podolia, Podillia | Podolian, Podillian | Podolians, Podillians |
| Pokuttia | Pokuttian | |
| Polesia, Polissia | Polesian, Polissian | Poleshuks, Poleshchuks |
| Pomerania | Pomeranian | Pomeranians |
| Provence | Provençal | |
| Pyrenees | Pyrenean | |
| Rhineland | Rhenish | Rhinelanders |
| Right-bank Ukraine, Trans-Dnieper Ukraine | Trans-Dnieper, Trans-Dniprian | |
| Rus' (Ruthenia) | Rus', Ruthenian, Ruthene, Rus'ian, Russian (historical) | Rus', rusichi, Ruthenians, Ruthenes, East Slavs, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians (historical) |
| Ruthenia (Carpathian Ruthenia) | Ruthenian, Ruthene | Ruthenians, Ruthenes, Rusyns, Rusnaks |
| Samogitia | Samogitian | Samogitians |
| Sardinia | Sardinian | Sardinians |
| Savoy | Savoyard | Savoyards |
| Saxony | Saxon | Saxons |
| Scandinavia | Scandinavian | Scandinavians |
| Scania | Scanian | Scanians |
| Shetland | Shetland | Shetlanders |
| Sicily | Sicilian | Sicilians |
| Silesia | Silesian | Silesians |
| Sloboda Ukraine, Slobozhanshchyna | Sloboda Ukrainian, Slobozhanian | Sloboda Cossacks, Sloboda Ukrainians, Slobozhanians |
| Styria | Styrian | Styrians |
| Subcarpathia (also Transcarpathia) | Subcarpathian | |
| Thrace | Thracian | Thracians |
| Thuringia | Thuringian | Thuringians |
| Transcarpathia (also Subcarpathia) | Transcarpathia | |
| Transylvania | Transylvanian | Transylvanians |
| Tuscany | Tuscan | Tuscans |
| Tyrol | Tyrolean, Tyrolese | Tyroleans, Tyrolese |
| Umbria | Umbrian | Umbrians |
| Veneto | Venetian | Venetians |
| Volhynia | Volhynian | Volhynians |
| Wallachia | Wallachian | Wallachians |
| Wallonia | Walloon | Walloons |
| Westphalia | Westphalian | Westphalians |
| Zaporizhzhia, Zaporozhian Ukraine | Zaporozhian | Zaporozhians |
| Zeeland | Zeeland | Zeelanders |
See also
edit
- Demonym
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names