Baryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term baryon is derived from the Greek "βαρύς" (barys), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.
Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of pentaquarks – baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark.[1][2] Prior to 2006 the particle physics community as a whole did not view the existence of pentaquarks as likely.[3] On 13 July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN reported results consistent with pentaquark states in the decay of bottom lambda baryons (Λ0
b).[4]
Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction. Leptons, on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The best known baryons are protons and neutrons, which make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe, whereas electrons, the other major component of atoms, are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, known as an antibaryon, in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
Baryon properties
editThese lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = 1/2 and J = 3/2 configurations with positive parity.[5]
- Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = 3/2 configuration, but J = 1/2 is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
- Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both J = 1/2 and J = 3/2 configurations.
- Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both J = 1/2 and J = 3/2 configurations. Two J = 1/2 configurations are possible for these baryons.
The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See Baryon for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)
Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and Q, B, S, C, B′, would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.[6][7]
JP = 1/2+ baryons
edit| Particle name | Symbol | Quark content | Rest mass (MeV/c2) | I | JP | Q (e) | S | C | B′ | Mean lifetime (s) | Commonly decays to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proton[8] | p , p+ , N+ |
u u d |
938.2720813(58)[a] | 1/2 | 1/2+ | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | stable[b] | unobserved |
| neutron[9] | n , n0 , N0 |
u d d |
939.5654133(58)[a] | 1/2 | 1/2+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (8.794±0.006)×10+2[c] | p+ + e− + ν e |
| lambda[10] | Λ0 |
u d s |
1115.683±0.006 | 0 | 1/2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (2.632±0.020)×10−10 | p+ + π− or n0 + π0 |
| charmed lambda[11] | Λ+ c |
u d c |
2286.46±0.14 | 0 | 1/2+ | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | (2.024±0.031)×10−13 | see Λ+ c decay modes |
| bottom lambda[12] | Λ0 b |
u d b |
5619.6±0.17 | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (1.471±0.009)×10−12 | see Λ0 b decay modes |
| sigma[13] | Σ+ |
u u s |
1189.37±0.07 | 1 | 1/2+ | +1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (8.018±0.026)×10−11 | p+ + π0 or n0 + π+ |
| sigma[14] | Σ0 |
u d s |
1192.642±0.024 | 1 | 1/2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (7.4±0.7)×10−20 | Λ0 + γ |
| sigma[15] | Σ− |
d d s |
1197.449±0.030 | 1 | 1/2+ | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.479±0.011)×10−10 | n0 + π− |
| charmed sigma[16] | Σ++ c(2455) |
u u c |
2453.97±0.14 | 1 | 1/2+ | +2 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 3.48+0.37 −0.16×10−22[d] |
Λ+ c + π+ |
| charmed sigma[16] | Σ+ c(2455) |
u d c |
2452.9±0.4 | 1 | 1/2+ | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | >1.43×10−22[d] | Λ+ c + π0 |
| charmed sigma[16] | Σ0 c(2455) |
d d c |
2453.75±0.14 | 1 | 1/2+ | 0 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 3.60+0.42 −0.20×10−22[d] |
Λ+ c + π− |
| bottom sigma[17] | Σ+ b |
u u b |
5810.56±0.25 | (1) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (1.32±0.13)×10−22[d] | Λ0 b + π+ |
| bottom sigma† | Σ0 b |
u d b |
unknown | (1) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom sigma[17] | Σ− b |
d d b |
5815.64±0.27 | (1) | (1/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (1.24±0.12)×10−22[d] | Λ0 b + π− |
| xi[18] | Ξ0 |
u s s |
1314.86±0.20 | 1/2 | 1/2(+) | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (2.90±0.09)×10−10 | Λ0 + π0 |
| xi[19] | Ξ− |
d s s |
1321.71±0.07 | 1/2 | 1/2(+) | −1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (1.639±0.015)×10−10 | Λ0 + π− |
| charmed xi[20] | Ξ+ c |
u s c |
2467.94+0.17 −0.20 |
(1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (4.56±0.05)×10−13 | see Ξ+ c decay modes |
| charmed xi[21] | Ξ0 c |
d s c |
2470.90+0.22 −0.29 |
(1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (1.53±0.06)×10−13 | see Ξ0 c decay modes |
| charmed xi prime[22] | Ξ′+ c |
u s c |
2578.4±0.5 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | −1 | +1 | 0 | unknown | Ξ+ c + γ (seen) |
| charmed xi prime[23] | Ξ′0 c |
d s c |
2579.2±0.5 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | unknown | Ξ0 c + γ (seen) |
| double charmed xi[24] | Ξ++ cc |
u c c |
3621.2±0.7 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +2 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | see Ξ++ cc decay modes |
| double charmed xi[e] | Ξ+ cc |
d c c |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom xi[25] or cascade B |
Ξ0 b |
u s b |
5791.9±0.5 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (1.480±0.030)×10−12 | see Ξ0 b decay modes |
| bottom xi[25] or cascade B |
Ξ− b |
d s b |
5797.0±0.6 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (1.572±0.040)×10−12 | see Ξ− b decay modes |
| bottom xi prime† | Ξ′0 b |
u s b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom xi prime† | Ξ′− b |
d s b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ0 bb |
u b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ− bb |
d b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ+ cb |
u c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ0 cb |
d c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi prime† | Ξ′+ cb |
u c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi prime† | Ξ′0 cb |
d c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed omega[26] | Ω0 c |
s s c |
2695.2±1.7 | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | −2 | +1 | 0 | (2.68±0.24 ± 0.10)×10−13 | see Ω0 c decay modes |
| bottom omega[27] | Ω− b |
s s b |
6046.1±1.7 | (0) | (1/2+) | −1 | −2 | 0 | −1 | 1.64+0.18 −0.17×10−12 |
Ω− + J/ψ (seen) |
| double charmed omega† | Ω+ cc |
s c c |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | +1 | −1 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom omega† | Ω0 cb |
s c b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom omega prime† | Ω′0 cb |
s c b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom omega† | Ω− bb |
s b b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed bottom omega† | Ω+ ccb |
c c b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed double bottom omega† | Ω0 cbb |
c b b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
[a] ^ The masses of the proton and neutron are known with much better precision in daltons (Da) than in MeV/c2. In atomic mass units, the mass of the proton is 1.0072764665789(83) Da[28] whereas that of the neutron is 1.00866491606(40) Da.[29]
[b] ^ At least 1035 years. See proton decay.
[c] ^ For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
[d] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ/Γ is given instead.
[e] ^ There is a controversial discovery claim, disfavored by other experimental data.[30]
JP = 3/2+ baryons
edit| Particle name | Symbol | Quark content |
Rest mass (MeV/c2) | I | JP | Q (e) | S | C | B′ | Mean lifetime (s) | Commonly decays to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| delta[31] | Δ++ (1232) |
u u u |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | +2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | p+ + π+ |
| delta[31] | Δ+ (1232) |
u u d |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | π+ + n0 or π0 + p+ |
| delta[31] | Δ0 (1232) |
u d d |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | π0 + n0 or π− + p+ |
| delta[31] | Δ− (1232) |
d d d |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | π− + n0 |
| sigma[32] | Σ∗+ (1385) |
u u s |
1382.80±0.35 | 1 | 3/2+ | +1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.828±0.036)×10−23[h] | Λ0 + π+ or Σ+ + π0 or Σ0 + π+ |
| sigma[32] | Σ∗0 (1385) |
u d s |
1383.7±1.0 | 1 | 3/2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.83±0.26)×10−23[h] | Λ0 + π0 or Σ+ + π− or Σ0 + π0 |
| sigma[32] | Σ∗− (1385) |
d d s |
1387.2±0.5 | 1 | 3/2+ | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.671±0.089)×10−23[h] | Λ0 + π− or Σ0 + π− or Σ− + π0 |
| charmed sigma[33] | Σ∗++ c(2520) |
u u c |
2518.41+0.21 −0.19 |
1 | (3/2+) | +2 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 4.45+0.12 −0.09×10−23[h] |
Λ+ c + π+ |
| charmed sigma[33] | Σ∗+ c(2520) |
u d c |
2517.5±2.3 | 1 | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | >3.87×10−23[h] | Λ+ c + π0 |
| charmed sigma[33] | Σ∗0 c(2520) |
d d c |
2518.48±0.20 | 1 | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 4.30+0.15 −0.11×10−23[h] |
Λ+ c + π− |
| bottom sigma[34] | Σ∗+ b |
u u b |
5830.32±0.27 | (1) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (7.0±0.4)×10−23[h] | Λ0 b + π+ |
| bottom sigma[e] | Σ∗0 b |
u d b |
unknown | (1) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom sigma[34] | Σ∗− b |
d d b |
5834.74±0.30 | (1) | (3/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (6.3±0.5)×10−23[h] | Λ0 b + π− |
| xi[35] | Ξ∗0 (1530) |
u s s |
1531.80±0.32 | 1/2 | 3/2+ | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (7.23±0.40)×10−23[h] | Ξ0 + π0 or Ξ− + π+ |
| xi[35] | Ξ∗− (1530) |
d s s |
1535.0±0.6 | 1/2 | 3/2+ | −1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 6.6+1.3 −1.1×10−23[h] |
Ξ0 + π− or Ξ− + π0 |
| charmed xi[36] | Ξ∗+ c(2645) |
u s c |
2645.56+0.24 −0.30 |
(1/2) | (3/2+) | +1 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (3.08±0.28)×10−22[h] | Ξ+ c + π0 (seen) |
| charmed xi[36] | Ξ∗0 c(2645) |
d s c |
2646.38+0.20 −0.23 |
(1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (2.80±0.22 ± 0.16)×10−22[h] | Ξ+ c + π− (seen) |
| double charmed xi† | Ξ∗++ cc |
u c c |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | +2 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed xi† | Ξ∗+ cc |
d c c |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom xi[37] | Ξ∗0 b |
u s b |
5952.3±0.6 | (1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (7.31±1.34 ± 0.66)×10−22[h] | Ξ− b + π+ (seen) |
| bottom xi[38] | Ξ∗− b |
d s b |
5955.33±0.12 ± 0.05 | (1/2) | (3/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (3.99±0.78 ± 0.24)×10−22[h] | see Ξ∗− b decay modes |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ∗0 bb |
u b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ∗− bb |
d b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ∗+ cb |
u c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ∗0 cb |
d c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| omega[39] | Ω− |
s s s |
1672.45±0.29 | 0 | 3/2+ | −1 | −3 | 0 | 0 | (8.21±0.11)×10−11[h] | Λ0 + K− or Ξ0 + π− or Ξ− + π0 |
| charmed omega[40] | Ω∗0 c(2770) |
s s c |
2765.9±2.0 | 0 | (3/2+) | 0 | −2 | +1 | 0 | unknown | Ω0 c + γ |
| bottom omega† | Ω∗− b |
s s b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | −1 | −2 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed omega† | Ω∗+ cc |
s c c |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | +1 | −1 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom omega† | Ω∗0 cb |
s c b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom omega† | Ω∗− bb |
s b b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| triple charmed omega† | Ω++ ccc |
c c c |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | +2 | 0 | +3 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed bottom omega† | Ω∗+ ccb |
c c b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed double bottom omega† | Ω∗0 cbb |
c b b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| triple bottom omega† | Ω− bbb |
b b b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −3 | unknown | unknown |
†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
[h] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ/Γ is given instead.
Baryon resonance particles
editThis table gives the name, quantum numbers (where known), and experimental status of baryons resonances confirmed by the PDG.[41] Baryon resonance particles are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood.[42] The spin-parity JP (when known) is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the JP values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.
| Nucleons | Δ particles | Λ particles | Σ particles | Ξ and Ω particles | Charmed particles | Bottom particles | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1232) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Λ | 1⁄2+ | **** | Σ+ | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξ0 | 1⁄2+ | **** | Λ+ c |
1⁄2+ | **** | Λ0 b |
1⁄2+ | *** |
| n | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1600) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1405) | 1⁄2− | **** | Σ0 | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξ− | 1⁄2+ | **** | Λc(2595)+ | 1⁄2− | *** | Λb(5912)0 | 1⁄2− | *** |
| N(1440) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1620) | 1⁄2− | **** | Λ(1520) | 3⁄2− | **** | Σ− | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξ(1530) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Λc(2625)+ | 3⁄2− | *** | Λb(5920)0 | 3⁄2− | *** |
| N(1520) | 3⁄2− | **** | Δ(1700) | 3⁄2− | **** | Λ(1600) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1385) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Ξ(1620) | * | Λc(2765)+ | * | Σb | 1⁄2+ | *** | ||
| N(1535) | 1⁄2− | **** | Δ(1750) | 1⁄2+ | * | Λ(1670) | 1⁄2− | **** | Σ(1480) | * | Ξ(1690) | *** | Λc(2860)+ | 3⁄2+ | *** | Σ* b |
3⁄2+ | *** | ||
| N(1650) | 1⁄2− | **** | Δ(1900) | 1⁄2− | *** | Λ(1690) | 3⁄2− | **** | Σ(1560) | ** | Ξ(1820) | 3⁄2− | *** | Λc(2880)+ | 5⁄2+ | *** | Ξ0 b, Ξ− b |
1⁄2+ | *** | |
| N(1675) | 5⁄2− | **** | Δ(1905) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1710) | 1⁄2+ | * | Σ(1580) | 3⁄2− | * | Ξ(1950) | *** | Λc(2940)+ | 3⁄2− | *** | Ξ'b(5935)− | 1⁄2+ | *** | |
| N(1680) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1910) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1800) | 1⁄2− | *** | Σ(1620) | 1⁄2− | * | Ξ(2030) | ≥ 5/2? | *** | Σc(2455) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξb(5945)0 | 3⁄2+ | *** |
| N(1700) | 3⁄2− | *** | Δ(1920) | 3⁄2+ | *** | Λ(1810) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1660) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Ξ(2120) | * | Σc(2520) | 3⁄2+ | *** | Ξb(5955)− | 3⁄2+ | *** | |
| N(1710) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1930) | 5⁄2− | *** | Λ(1820) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Σ(1670) | 3⁄2− | **** | Ξ(2250) | ** | Σc(2800) | *** | Ω− b |
1⁄2+ | *** | ||
| N(1720) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1940) | 3⁄2− | ** | Λ(1830) | 5⁄2− | **** | Σ(1690) | ** | Ξ(2370) | ** | Pc(4380)+ | * | ||||||
| N(1860) | 5⁄2+ | ** | Δ(1950) | 7⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1890) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Σ(1730) | 3⁄2+ | * | Ξ(2500) | * | Ξ+ c |
1⁄2+ | *** | Pc(4450)+ | * | ||
| N(1875) | 3⁄2− | *** | Δ(2000) | 5⁄2+ | ** | Λ(2000) | * | Σ(1750) | 1⁄2− | *** | Ξ0 c |
1⁄2+ | *** | |||||||
| N(1880) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Δ(2150) | 1⁄2− | * | Λ(2020) | 7⁄2+ | * | Σ(1770) | 1⁄2+ | * | Ω− | 3⁄2+ | **** | Ξ′+ c |
1⁄2+ | *** | |||
| N(1895) | 1⁄2− | **** | Δ(2200) | 7⁄2− | *** | Λ(2050) | 3⁄2− | * | Σ(1775) | 5⁄2− | **** | Ω(2250)− | *** | Ξ′0 c |
1⁄2+ | *** | ||||
| N(1900) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Δ(2300) | 9⁄2+ | ** | Λ(2100) | 7⁄2− | **** | Σ(1840) | 3⁄2+ | * | Ω(2380)− | ** | Ξc(2645) | 3⁄2+ | *** | ||||
| N(1990) | 7⁄2+ | ** | Δ(2350) | 5⁄2− | * | Λ(2110) | 5⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1880) | 1⁄2+ | ** | Ω(2470)− | ** | Ξc(2790) | 1⁄2− | *** | ||||
| N(2000) | 5⁄2+ | ** | Δ(2390) | 7⁄2+ | * | Λ(2325) | 3⁄2− | * | Σ(1900) | 1⁄2− | * | Ξc(2815) | 3⁄2− | *** | ||||||
| N(2040) | 3⁄2+ | * | Δ(2400) | 9⁄2− | ** | Λ(2350) | 9⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1915) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Ξc(2930) | * | |||||||
| N(2060) | 5⁄2− | *** | Δ(2420) | 11⁄2+ | **** | Λ(2585) | ** | Σ(1940) | 3⁄2+ | * | Ξc(2980) | *** | ||||||||
| N(2100) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Δ(2750) | 13⁄2− | ** | Σ(1940) | 3⁄2− | *** | Ξc(3055) | *** | ||||||||||
| N(2120) | 3⁄2− | *** | Δ(2950) | 15⁄2+ | ** | Σ(2000) | 1⁄2− | * | Ξc(3080) | *** | ||||||||||
| N(2190) | 7⁄2− | **** | Σ(2030) | 7⁄2+ | **** | Ξc(3123) | * | |||||||||||||
| N(2220) | 9⁄2+ | **** | Σ(2070) | 5⁄2+ | * | |||||||||||||||
| N(2250) | 9⁄2− | **** | Σ(2080) | 3⁄2+ | ** | Ω0 c |
1⁄2+ | *** | ||||||||||||
| N(2300) | 1⁄2+ | ** | Σ(2100) | 7⁄2− | * | Ωc(2770)0 | 3⁄2+ | *** | ||||||||||||
| N(2570) | 5⁄2− | ** | Σ(2250) | *** | Ωc(3000)0 | *** | ||||||||||||||
| N(2600) | 11⁄2− | *** | Σ(2455) | ** | Ωc(3050)0 | *** | ||||||||||||||
| N(2700) | 13⁄2+ | ** | Σ(2620) | ** | Ωc(3065)0 | *** | ||||||||||||||
| Σ(3000) | * | Ωc(3090)0 | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Ωc(3120)0 | *** | |||||||||||||||||||
Ξ+ cc |
* | |||||||||||||||||||
Ξ++ cc |
*** | |||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored. |
| *** | Existence ranges from fairly certain to certain, but further confirmation is desirable, and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined. |
| ** | Evidence of existence is only fair. |
| * | Evidence of existence is poor. |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ H. Muir (2003)
- ^ K. Carter (2003)
- ^ W.-M. Yao et al. (2006): Particle listings – Positive Theta
- ^ R. Aaij et al. (2015)
- ^ Griffiths, David J. (2008), Introduction to Elementary Particles (2nd revised ed.), WILEY-VCH, pp. 181–188, ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2
- ^ P.A Zyla et al. (2020): Particle summary tables – Baryons
- ^ J.G. Körner et al. (1994)
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
p+
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
n0
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
b - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ+
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ0
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ−
- ^ a b c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
c(2455) - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
b - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ−
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ+
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′+
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′0
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ++
cc - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
b - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω0
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω−
b - ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ξ+
cc - ^ a b c d P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Δ
(1232) - ^ a b c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
(1385) - ^ a b c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
c(2520) - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ∗
b - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
(1530) - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
c(2645) - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
b(5945) - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
b(5955) - ^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω−
- ^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω0
c(2770) - ^ C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Baryon Summary Table" (PDF). Chin. Phys. C. 40: 100001. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
- ^ Crede, Volker; Roberts, Winston (2013). "Progress Toward Understanding Baryon Resonances". Rep. Prog. Phys. 76 (7): 076301. arXiv:1302.7299. Bibcode:2013RPPh...76g6301C. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076301. PMID 23787948. S2CID 24922824.
Bibliography
edit- R. Aaij et al. (LHCb collaboration) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ0
b→J/ψK−
p decays". Physical Review Letters. 115 (7): 072001. arXiv:1507.03414. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115g2001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001. PMID 26317714. S2CID 119204136. - J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group) (2012). "Review of Particle Physics". Physical Review D. 86 (1): 010001. Bibcode:2012PhRvD..86a0001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001. hdl:10481/34377.
- K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group) (2010). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G. 37 (7A): 075021. Bibcode:2010JPhG...37g5021N. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021. hdl:10481/34593.
- C. Amsler et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1–1340. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789.
- V.M. Abazov et al. (DØ Collaboration) (2008). "Observation of the doubly strange b baryon
Ω−
b" (PDF). Fermilab-Pub-08/335-E. - K. Carter (2006). "The rise and fall of the pentaquark". Symmetry Magazine. Fermilab/SLAC. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- W.-M. Yao et al. (Particle Data Group) (2006). "Review of Particle Physics". Journal of Physics G. 33 (1): 1–1232. arXiv:astro-ph/0601168. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001.
- H. Muir (2003). "Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- J.G. Körner; M. Krämer & D. Pirjol (1994). "Heavy Baryons". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 33: 787–868. arXiv:hep-ph/9406359. Bibcode:1994PrPNP..33..787K. doi:10.1016/0146-6410(94)90053-1. S2CID 118931787.
Further reading
edit- H. Garcilazo; J. Vijande & A. Valcarce (2007). "Faddeev study of heavy-baryon spectroscopy". Journal of Physics G. 34 (5): 961–976. arXiv:hep-ph/0703257. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/34/5/014. S2CID 15445714.
- S. Robbins (2006). "Physics Particle Overview – Baryons". Journey Through the Galaxy. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- D.M. Manley (2005). "Status of baryon spectroscopy". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 5 (1): 230–237. Bibcode:2005JPhCS...9..230M. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/9/1/043.
- S.S.M. Wong (1998). Introductory Nuclear Physics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-23973-4.
- R. Shankar (1994). Principles of Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-44790-7.
- E. Wigner (1937). "On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei". Physical Review. 51 (2): 106–119. Bibcode:1937PhRv...51..106W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.51.106.
- M. Gell-Mann (1964). "A Schematic of Baryons and Mesons". Physics Letters. 8 (3): 214–215. Bibcode:1964PhL.....8..214G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3.
- W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne I". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 77 (1–2): 1–11. Bibcode:1932ZPhy...77....1H. doi:10.1007/BF01342433. S2CID 186218053.
- W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne II". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 78 (3–4): 156–164. Bibcode:1932ZPhy...78..156H. doi:10.1007/BF01337585. S2CID 186221789.
- W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne III". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 80 (9–10): 587–596. Bibcode:1933ZPhy...80..587H. doi:10.1007/BF01335696. S2CID 126422047.
External links
edit- Particle Data Group: The Review of Particle Physics; – Baryon Summary Table
- Georgia State University – HyperPhysics
- Baryons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared