Wikipedia

List of carbon capture and storage projects

This List of carbon capture and storage projects provides documentation of global, industrial-scale projects for carbon capture and storage. According to the Global CCS Institute, in 2020 some 40 million tons CO2 per year capacity of CCS was in operation with 50 million tons per year in development.[1] The world emits about 38 billion tonnes of CO2 every year,[2] so CCS captured about one thousandth of the 2020 total.

Algeria

edit

In Salah was an operational onshore gas field with CO2 injection. CO2 was separated from produced gas and reinjected into the Krechba geologic formation at a depth of 1,900m.[3] Since 2004, about 3.8 Mt of CO2 has been captured during natural gas extraction and stored. Injection was suspended temporarily in June 2011 due to concerns about the integrity of the seal, potential for fracture and leakage into the caprock, and movement of CO2 outside of the Krechba hydrocarbon lease. Injection has not restarted and no leakage of CO2 was reported during the lifetime of the project [4]

 
NET Power Facility. La Porte, Tx

Australia

edit
Main article: Carbon capture and storage in Australia

In the early 2020s the government allocated over A$300 million for CCS both onshore and offshore.[5]

Canada

edit

Canadian governments committed $1.8 billion fund CCS projects over the 2008-2018 period. The main programs are the federal government's Clean Energy Fund, Alberta's Carbon Capture and Storage fund, and the governments of Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia. Canada works closely with the United States through the U.S.–Canada Clean Energy Dialogue launched by the Obama administration in 2009.[6][7]

Alberta

edit

Alberta committed $170 million in 2013/2014 – and a total of $1.3 billion over 15 years – to fund two large-scale CCS projects.

The CAN $1.2 billion Alberta Carbon Trunk Line Project (ACTL), pioneered by Enhance Energy, became fully operational in June 2020. It is now the world's largest carbon capture and storage system consisting of a 240 km pipeline that collects CO2 industrial emissions from the Agrium fertilizer plant and North West Sturgeon Refinery in Alberta. The capture is then delivered to the matured Clive oil reservoir for use in EOR (enhanced oil recovery) and permanent storage. At full capacity, it can capture 14.6 million tonnes of CO2 per year. For perspective, that translates into capturing CO2 from 2.6 million cars plus.[8][9]

The Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project was developed by Shell Canada for use in the Athabasca Oil Sands Project. It is cited as being the world's first commercial-scale CCS project.[10] Construction began in 2012 and ended in 2015. The capture unit is located at the Scotford Upgrader in Alberta, Canada, where hydrogen is produced to upgrade bitumen from oil sands into synthetic crude oil. The steam methane units that produce the hydrogen emit CO2 as a byproduct. The capture unit captures the CO2 from the steam methane unit using amine absorption technology, and the captured CO2 is then transported to Fort Saskatchewan where it is injected into a porous rock formation called the Basal Cambrian Sands. From 2015 to 2018, the project stored 3 Mt CO2 at a rate of 1 Mtpa.[11][12]

Entropy, a subsidiary of Advantage Energy runs a sequestration project at Glacier plant near Valhalla, Alberta, storing 0.2 MT of CO2 per year as of 2022.[13]

In 2022, Alberta Energy granted 25 CO2 sequestration evaluation licenses covering a total area of 10 million hectares.[14]

Saskatchewan

edit

Boundary Dam Power Station Unit 3 Project

edit

Boundary Dam Power Station, owned by SaskPower, is a coal fired station originally commissioned in 1959. In 2010, SaskPower committed to retrofitting the lignite-powered Unit 3 with a carbon capture unit. The project was completed in 2014. The retrofit utilized a post-combustion amine absorption technology. The captured CO2 was to be sold to Cenovus to be used for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in Weyburn field. Any CO2 not used for EOR was planned to be used by the Aquistore project and stored in deep saline aquifers. Many complications kept Unit 3 and this project from operating as much as expected, but between August 2017 – August 2018, Unit 3 was online for 65%/day on average. The project has a nameplate capacity of capture of 1 Mtpa.[15][16][17] The other units are to be phased out by 2024. The future of the one retrofitted unit is unclear.[18]

Great Plains Synfuel Plant and Weyburn-Midale Project

edit

The Great Plains Synfuel Plant, owned by Dakota Gas, is a coal gasification operation that produces synthetic natural gas and various petrochemicals from coal. The plant began operation in 1984, while CCS began in 2000. In 2000, Dakota Gas retrofitted the plant and planned to sell the CO2 to Cenovus and Apache Energy, for EOR in the Weyburn and Midale fields in Canada. The Midale fields were injected with 0.4 Mtpa and the Weyburn fields are injected with 2.4 Mtpa for a total injection capacity of 2.8 Mtpa. The Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project (or IEA GHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project), was conducted there. Injection continued even after the study concluded. Between 2000 and 2018, over 30 Mt CO2 was injected.[19][20][21]

China

edit

As of 2019 coal accounted for around 60% of China's energy production.[22] The majority of CO2 emissions come from coal-fired power plants or coal-to-chemical processes (e.g. the production of synthetic ammonia, methanol, fertilizer, natural gas, and CTLs).[23] According to the IEA, around 385 out of China's 900 gigawatts of coal-fired power capacity are near locations suitable for CCS.[24] As of 2017 three CCS facilities are operational or in late stages of construction, drawing CO2 from natural gas processing or petrochemical production. At least eight more facilities are in early planning and development, most of which target power plant emissions, with an injection target of EOR.[25]

China's largest carbon capture and storage plant at Guohua Jinjie coal power station was completed in January 2021. The project is expected to prevent 150,000 tons of carbon dioxide emission annually at a 90% capture rate.[26]

CNPC Jilin Oil Field

edit

China's first carbon capture project was the Jilin oil field in Songyuan, Jilin Province. It started as a pilot EOR project in 2009,[27] and developed into a commercial operation for the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). The final development phase completed in 2018.[25] The source of CO2 is the nearby Changling gas field, from which natural gas with about 22.5% is extracted. After separation at the natural gas processing plant, the CO2 is transported to Jilin via pipeline and injected for a 37% enhancement in oil recovery at the low-permeability oil field.[28] At commercial capacity, the facility currently injects 0.6 Mt CO2 per year, and it has injected a cumulative total of over 1.1 million tonnes over its lifetime.[25]

Sinopec Qilu Petrochemical CCS Project

edit

Sinopec is developing a carbon capture unit whose first phase was to be operational in 2019. The facility is located in Zibo City, Shandong Province, where a fertilizer plant produces CO2 from coal/coke gasification.[29] CO2 is to be captured by cryogenic distillation and will be transported via pipeline to the nearby Shengli oil field for EOR.[30] Construction of the first phase began by 2018, and was expected to capture and inject 0.4 Mt CO2 per year. The Shengli oil field is the destination for CO2.[30]

Yanchang Integrated CCS Project

edit

Yanchang Petroleum is developing carbon capture facilities at two coal-to-chemical plants in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province.[31] The first capture plant is capable of capturing 50,000 tonnes per year and was finished in 2012. Construction on the second plant started in 2014 and was expected to be finished in 2020, with a capacity of 360,000 tonnes per year.[23] This CO2 will be transported to the Ordos Basin, one of China's largest coal, oil, and gas-producing regions with a series of low- and ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs. Lack of water has limited the use of water for EOR, so the CO2 increase production.[32]

Germany

edit

From 2008 until 2014 the Schwarze Pumpe power station, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the city of Spremberg, was home to the world's first demonstration CCS coal plant.[33] The mini pilot plant was run by an Alstom-built oxy-fuel boiler and is also equipped with a flue gas cleaning facility to remove fly ash and sulfur dioxide. The Swedish company Vattenfall AB invested some €70 million in the two-year project, which began operation 9 September 2008. The power plant, which is rated at 30 megawatts, was a pilot project to serve as a prototype for future full-scale power plants.[34][35] 240 tonnes a day of CO2 were being trucked 350 kilometers (220 mi) to be injected into an empty gas field. Germany's BUND group called it a "fig leaf". For each tonne of coal burned, 3.6 tonnes of CO2 was produced.[36] The CCS program at Schwarze Pumpe ended in 2014 due to nonviable costs and energy use.[37]

As of 2007, the German utility RWE operated a pilot-scale CO2 scrubber at the lignite-fired Niederaußem power station built in cooperation with BASF (supplier of detergent) and Linde engineering.[38][better source needed]

Japan

edit

The Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project is an ongoing project led by Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) in Tomakomai, Hokkaido prefecture.[39] Funded by METI and commissioned by NEDO, JCCS has been leading CCS-related researches, including CO2 capture, injection and geological measurements at its Tomakomai site since 2012, although CO2 injection has been concluded since November 22, 2019 after reaching 300,012 tons of injected CO2, slightly above the initially proposed 300,000 tons.

The source of the CO2 was Idemitsu Kosan's nearby oil refinery, which was connected to the Tomakomai CCS site via an 1.4km (0.87mi) pipeline. After amine gas treating a CO2 purity of 99% or higher has been achieved, which was then sent to the injection facility, where it was compressed and then injected into two separate undersea reservoirs. The reservoirs are located in the Lower Quaternary Moebetsu (which consists of sandstone) and the Miocene Takinoue (which consists of volcanic and volclaniclastic rocks) formation, located 1000 to 1200m (3280 to 3940ft) and 2400 to 3000m (7875 to 9840ft) deep respectively.[40] In the future the facility may serve as a trial site for transferring liquefied CO2 from vessels directly into the reservoirs.

After the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake, a survey conducted by JCCS revealed that the reservoirs did not sustain any detectable damage, as well as no direct link between the earthquake and the CCS facility could be established.[41]

Netherlands

edit

Developed in the Netherlands, an electrocatalysis by a copper complex helps reduce CO2 to oxalic acid.[42]

Norway

edit

In Norway, the CO2 Technology Centre (TCM) at Mongstad began construction in 2009, and completed in 2012. It includes two capture technology plants (one advanced amine and one chilled ammonia), both capturing flue gas from two sources. This includes a gas-fired power plant and refinery cracker flue gas (similar to coal-fired power plant flue gas).

In addition to this, the Mongstad site was also planned to have a full-scale CCS demonstration plant. The project was delayed to 2014, 2018, and then indefinitely.[43] The project cost rose to US$985 million.[44] Then in October 2011, Aker Solutions' wrote off its investment in Aker Clean Carbon, declaring the carbon sequestration market to be "dead".[45]

On 1 October 2013, Norway asked Gassnova, its Norwegian state enterprise for carbon capture and storage, not to sign any contracts for carbon capture and storage outside Mongstad.[46]

In 2015 Norway was reviewing feasibility studies and hoping to have a full-scale carbon capture demonstration project by 2020.[47]

In 2020, it then announced "Longship" ("Langskip" in Norwegian). This 2,7 billion CCS project will capture and store the carbon emissions of Norcem's cement factory in Brevik. Also, it plans to fund Fortum Oslo's Varme waste incineration facility. Finally, it will fund the transport and storage project "Northern Lights", a joint project between Equinor, Shell and Total. This latter project will transport liquid CO2 from capture facilities to a terminal at Øygarden in Vestland County. From there, CO2 will be pumped through pipelines to a reservoir beneath the seabed.[48][49][50][51] The first two CO2 carrier ships for the Øygarden terminal were under construction at Dalian Shipbuilding in China in 2022. They are being equipped with rotor sails estimated to cut emissions by 5%.[52] Øygarden is the world's first open-access transport and storage infrastructure.[53]

Sleipner CO2 Injection

edit

Sleipner is a fully operational offshore gas field with CO2 injection initiated in 1996. CO2 is separated from produced gas and reinjected in the Utsira saline aquifer (800–1000 m below ocean floor) above the hydrocarbon reservoir zones.[54] This aquifer extends much further north from the Sleipner facility at its southern extreme. The large size of the reservoir accounts for why 600 billion tonnes of CO2 are expected to be stored, long after the Sleipner natural gas project has ended. The Sleipner facility is the first project to inject its captured CO2 into a geological feature for the purpose of storage rather than economically compromising EOR.

United Arab Emirates

edit

After the success of their pilot plant operation in November 2011, the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company and Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company moved to create the first commercial CCS facility in the iron and steel industry.[55] CO2 is a byproduct of the iron making process. It is transported via a 50 km pipeline to Abu Dhabi National Oil Company oil reserves for EOR. The facility's capacity is 800,000 tonnes per year. As of 2013, more than 40% of gas emitted by the crude oil production process is recovered within the oil fields for EOR.[56]

United Kingdom

edit

The government aims to capture and store 20-30 Mtpa by 2030, and over 50 Mtpa by 2035[57] (for comparison greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom were 425 Mt in 2021[58]). The 2020 budget allocated 800 million pounds to attempt to create CCS clusters by 2030, to capture CO2 from heavy industry[59] and a gas-fired power station and store it under the North Sea.[60] The Crown Estate is responsible for storage rights on the UK continental shelf and it has facilitated work on offshore CO2 storage technical and commercial issues,[61] and the North Sea Transition Authority has awarded 6 undersea storage licences including to BP and Equinor.[62]

A trial of bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) at a wood-fired unit in Drax power station in the UK started in 2019. If successful this could remove one tonne per day of CO2 from the atmosphere,[63] and the company aims for operations to start in 2027.[57]

In the UK CCS is under consideration to help with industry and heating decarbonization,[64] and it is hoped that building small modular units to fit to existing factories will lower the cost below the carbon price on the UK Emissions Trading Scheme,[65] which was around 80 GBP per tonne in early 2022.[66] Direct air capture is also still being considered, but as of 2022 is much too expensive.[67]

In May 2022, it was announced that Nuada (formerly MOF Technologies) had partnered with HeidelbergCement, Buzzi Unicem and Cementir Holding to build a point source carbon capture plant to further hard to abate industry decarbonization [68]

United States

edit

In addition to individual carbon capture and sequestration projects, various programs work to research, develop, and deploy CCS technologies on a broad scale. These include the National Energy Technology Laboratory's (NETL) Carbon Sequestration Program, regional carbon sequestration partnerships and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF).[69][70]

In September 2020, the U.S. Department Of Energy awarded $72 million in federal funding to support the development and advancement of carbon capture technologies.[71] Under this cost-shared program, DOE awarded $51 million to nine new projects for coal and natural gas power and industrial sources.

The nine projects were to design initial engineering studies to develop technologies for byproducts at industrial sites. The projects selected are:

  • Enabling Production of Low Carbon Emissions Steel Through CO2 Capture from Blast Furnace Gases — ArcelorMittal USA[72]
  • LH CO2MENT Colorado Project — Electricore[73]
  • Engineering Design of a Polaris Membrane CO2 Capture System at a Cement Plant — Membrane Technology and Research (MTR) Inc.[74]
  • Engineering Design of a Linde-BASF Advanced Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Technology at a Linde Steam Methane Reforming H2 Plant — Praxair[75]
  • Initial Engineering and Design for CO2 Capture from Ethanol Facilities — University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center[76]
  • Chevron Natural Gas Carbon Capture Technology Testing Project — Chevron USA, Inc.[77]
  • Engineering-scale Demonstration of Transformational Solvent on NGCC Flue Gas — ION Clean Energy Inc.[78]
  • Engineering-Scale Test of a Water-Lean Solvent for Post-Combustion Capture — Electric Power Research Institute Inc.[79]
  • Engineering Scale Design and Testing of Transformational Membrane Technology for CO2 Capture — Gas Technology Institute (GTI)[78]
 
The International Energy Agency reported growth in direct air capture global operating capacity.[80]

$21 million was also awarded to 18 projects for technologies that remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The focus was on the development of new materials for use in direct air capture and will also complete field testing. The projects:

  • Direct Air Capture Using Novel Structured Adsorbents — Electricore[81]
  • Advanced Integrated Reticular Sorbent-Coated System to Capture CO2 from the Atmosphere — GE Research[82]
  • MIL-101(Cr)-Amine Sorbents Evaluation Under Realistic Direct Air Capture Conditions — Georgia Tech Research Corporation[83]
  • Demonstration of a Continuous-Motion Direct Air Capture System — Global Thermostat Operations, LLC[84]
  • Experimental Demonstration of Alkalinity Concentration Swing for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — Harvard University[78]
  • High-Performance, Hybrid Polymer Membrane for CO2 Separation from Ambient Air — InnoSense, LLC[85]
  • Transformational Sorbent Materials for a Substantial Reduction in the Energy Requirement for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — InnoSepra, LLC[86]
  • A Combined Water and CO2 Direct Air Capture System — IWVC, LLC[87]
  • TRAPS: Tunable, Rapid-uptake, AminoPolymer Aerogel Sorbent for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — Palo Alto Research Center[88]
  • Direct Air Capture Using Trapped Small Amines in Hierarchical Nanoporous Capsules on Porous Electrospun Hollow Fibers — Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[78]
  • Development of Advanced Solid Sorbents for Direct Air Capture — RTI International[89]
  • Direct Air Capture Recovery of Energy for CCUS Partnership (DAC RECO2UP) — Southern States Energy Board[90]
  • Membrane Adsorbents Comprising Self-Assembled Inorganic Nanocages (SINCs) for Super-fast Direct Air Capture Enabled by Passive Cooling — SUNY[78]
  • Low Regeneration Temperature Sorbents for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — Susteon Inc.[91]
  • Next Generation Fiber-Encapsulated Nanoscale Hybrid Materials for Direct Air Capture with Selective Water Rejection — The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York[78]
  • Gradient Amine Sorbents for Low Vacuum Swing CO2 Capture at Ambient Temperature — The University of Akron[92]
  • Electrochemically-Driven CO2 Separation — University of Delaware[93]
  • Development of Novel Materials for Direct Air Capture of CO2 — University of Kentucky Research Foundation[78]

Kemper Project, MS 2010-2021

edit

The Kemper Project is a gas-fired power plant under construction in Kemper County, Mississippi. It was originally planned as a coal-fired plant. Mississippi Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, began construction in 2010.[94][95] Had it become operational as a coal plant, the Kemper Project would have been a first-of-its-kind electricity plant to employ gasification and carbon capture technologies at this scale. The emission target was to reduce CO2 to the same level an equivalent natural gas plant would produce.[96] However, in June 2017 the proponents – Southern Company and Mississippi Power – announced that the plant would only burn natural gas.[97]

Construction was delayed and the scheduled opening was pushed back over two years, while the cost increased to $6.6 billion—three times the original estimate.[98][99] According to a Sierra Club analysis, Kemper is the most expensive power plant ever built for the watts of electricity it will generate.[100]

In October 2021, the coal gasification portion of the plant was demolished.[101]

Terrell Natural Gas Processing Plant

edit

Opening in 1972, the Terrell plant in Texas, United States was the oldest operating industrial CCS project as of 2017. CO2 is captured during gas processing and transported primarily via the Val Verde pipeline where it is eventually injected at Sharon Ridge oil field and other secondary sinks for use in EOR.[102] The facility captures an average of somewhere between 0.4 and 0.5 million tons of CO2 per annum.[103]

Enid Fertilizer

edit

Beginning in 1982, the facility owned by the Koch Nitrogen company is the second oldest large scale CCS facility still in operation.[25] The CO2 that is captured is a high purity byproduct of nitrogen fertilizer production. The process is made economical by transporting the CO2 to oil fields for EOR.

Shute Creek Gas Processing Facility

edit

7 million metric tonnes of CO2 are recovered annually from ExxonMobil's Shute Creek gas processing plant near La Barge, Wyoming, and transported by pipeline to various oil fields for EOR. Started in 1986, as of 2017 this project had the second largest CO2 capture capacity in the world.[25]

Petra Nova (2017-2020)

edit

The Petra Nova project is a billion dollar endeavor undertaken by NRG Energy and JX Nippon to partially retrofit their jointly owned W.A Parish coal-fired power plant with post-combustion carbon capture. The plant, which is located in Thompsons, Texas (just outside of Houston), entered commercial service in 1977. Carbon capture began on 10 January 2017. The WA Parish unit 8 generates 240 MW and 90% of the CO2 (or 1.4 million tonnes) was captured per year.[104] The CO2 (99% purity) is compressed and piped about 82 miles to West Ranch Oil Field, Texas, for EOR. The field has a capacity of 60 million barrels of oil and has increased its production from 300 barrels per day to 4000 barrels daily.[105][104] On 1 May 2020, NRG shut down Petra Nova, citing low oil prices during the COVID-19 pandemic. The plant had also reportedly suffered frequent outages and missed its carbon sequestration goal by 17% over its first three years of operation.[106] In 2021 the plant was mothballed.[107]

Illinois Industrial, Decatur IL

edit

As of 2018 the Illinois Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage project in Decatur, Illinois is dedicated to geological CO2 storage. The public-private research project spearheaded by Archer Daniels Midland Co received a 171 million dollar investment from the DOE and over 66 million dollars from the private sector. The CO2 is a byproduct of the fermentation process of corn ethanol production and is stored 7000 feet underground in the Mt. Simon Sandstone saline aquifer. Sequestration began in April 2017 with a carbon capture capacity of 1 Mt/a.[108][109][110]

NET Power Demonstration Facility, La Porte TX

edit

As of 2019, the NET Power Demonstration Facility in La Porte, TX was an oxy-combustion natural gas power plant that operated by the Allam power cycle. The plant was able to reduce its air emissions to zero by producing a near pure stream of CO2.[111] and first fired in May 2018.[112]

Century Plant, TX

edit

As of 2014, Occidental Petroleum, along with SandRidge Energy, operated a West Texas hydrocarbon gas processing plant and related pipeline infrastructure that provides CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). With a CO2 capture capacity of 8.4 Mt/a, the Century plant was the largest single industrial source CO2 capture facility in the world.[113]

Developing projects by several countries

edit

ANICA - Advanced Indirectly Heated Carbonate Looping Process

edit

The ANICA Project[114] focused on developing economically feasible carbon capture technology for lime and cement plants, which are responsible for 8% of the total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.[115][116] In 2019, a consortium of 12 partners from Germany, United Kingdom and Greece[117] began working on integrating indirectly heated carbonate lopping (IHCaL) process in cement and lime production. The project aimed at lowering the energy penalty and CO2 avoidance costs for CO2 capture from lime and cement plants.

Port of Rotterdam CCUS Backbone Initiative

edit

Expected in 2021, the Port of Rotterdam CCUS Backbone Initiative aimed to implement a "backbone" of shared CCS infrastructure for use by businesses located around the Port of Rotterdam in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The project is overseen by the Port of Rotterdam, natural gas company Gasunie, and the EBN. It intends to capture and sequester 2 million tons of CO2 per year and increase this number in future years.[118] Although dependent on the participation of companies, the goal of this project is to greatly reduce the carbon footprint of the industrial sector of the Port of Rotterdam and establish a successful CCS infrastructure in the Netherlands following the recently canceled ROAD project. CO2 captured from local chemical plants and refineries will both be sequestered in the North Sea seabed. The possibility of a CCU initiative has also been considered, in which the captured CO2 will be sold to horticultural firms, who will use it to speed up plant growth, as well as other industrial users.[118]

Climeworks Direct Air Capture Plant and CarbFix2 Project

edit

Climeworks opened the first commercial direct air capture plant in Zürich, Switzerland in 2008. Their process captures CO2 from ambient air using a patented filter, isolates the CO2 at high heat, and transports it to a nearby greenhouse as a fertilizer. The plant is built near a waste recovery facility that provides excess heat to power the plant.[119]

Climeworks is also working with Reykjavik Energy on the CarbFix2 project with EU funding. This project, called "Orca," is located in Hellisheidi, Iceland.[120] It uses direct air capture technology in conjunction with a large geothermal power plant. Once CO2 is captured using Climeworks' filters, it is heated using heat from the geothermal plant and used to carbonate water. The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into underground rock formations where the CO2 reacts with basaltic bedrock and forms carbonate minerals for permanent storage.[121]

OPEN100

edit

The OPEN100 project, launched in 2020 by the Energy Impact Center (EIC), is the world's first open-source blueprint for nuclear power plant deployment. The Energy Impact Center and OPEN100 aim to reverse climate change by 2040 and believe that nuclear power is the only feasible energy source to power CCS without the compromise of releasing new CO2.[122]

This project intends to bring together researchers, designers, scientists, engineers, think tanks, etc. to help compile research and designs that will eventually evolve into a blueprint that is available to the public and can be utilized in the development of future nuclear plants.[122]

Nuada

edit

MOF Technologies have developed Nuada, a modular point source carbon capture technology, which uses metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to deliver energy-efficient CO2 removal at a fraction of the cost of conventional amines. After having been selected by the Global Cement and Concrete Association via their Innovandi Open Challenge, Nuada will partner with HeidelbergCement, Buzzi Unicem and Cementir Holding to build pilot plants in 2022.[123]

References

edit
  1. ^ "Global Status Report". Global CCS Institute. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  2. ^ "Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage: Effects on Climate Change". actionaidrecycling.org.uk. 17 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  3. ^ Ringrose, P.S.; Mathieson, A.S.; Wright, I.W.; Selama, F.; Hansen, O.; Bissell, R.; Saoula, N.; Midgley, J. (2013). "The In Salah CO2 Storage Project: Lessons Learned and Knowledge Transfer". Energy Procedia. 37: 6226–6236. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.551.
  4. ^ "In Salah Details". www.geos.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  5. ^ "Australia pledges more funding for hydrogen, CCS". www.argusmedia.com. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  6. ^ "U.S.-Canada Clean Energy Dialogue (CED) | Department of Energy". www.energy.gov. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  7. ^ Canada, Natural Resources (5 June 2014). "Carbon Capture and Storage: Canada's Technology Demonstration Leadership". www.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  8. ^ Carrington, Max (8 June 2020). "The Alberta Carbon Trunk Line is now fully online". Equipment Journal. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  9. ^ "New Alberta carbon capture project now fully operational | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  10. ^ Canada, Natural Resources (23 February 2016). "Shell Canada Energy Quest Project". www.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project, Alberta - Hydrocarbons Technology". Hydrocarbons Technology. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  12. ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  13. ^ "Entropy Inc. Provides Operational Update on Glacier CCS Project". Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  14. ^ "CCUS Projects in Canada". Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  15. ^ "BD3 Status Update: August 2018". www.saskpower.com. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  16. ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  17. ^ "Aquistore Tour 2022, 10min video". YouTube.
  18. ^ Business, P. M. N. (9 July 2018). "No more retrofits for carbon capture and storage at Boundary Dam: SaskPower | Financial Post". Financialpost. Retrieved 6 December 2018. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ "Great Plains Synfuels Plant — zeroco2". www.zeroco2.no. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  20. ^ "What is the Weyburn-Midale Project (WMP)? | Global CCS Institute". hub.globalccsinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  21. ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  22. ^ "China's Overall Energy Balance". Total. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  23. ^ a b "Yanchang Petroleum report 1: capturing CO2 from coal to chemical process | Decarboni.se". www.decarboni.se. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  24. ^ "The potential for carbon capture and storage in China". www.iea.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  25. ^ a b c d e "Large-scale CCS facilities | Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute". www.globalccsinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  26. ^ "China's Largest Carbon Capture Project Completes Construction". Bloomberg News. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  27. ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  28. ^ "CCUS-EOR Practice in Jilin Oilfield" (PDF). China National Petroleum Corporation. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  29. ^ "Sinopec Qilu Petrochemical CCS | Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute". www.globalccsinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  30. ^ a b "H Liu Sinopec CCS". www.slideshare.net. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  31. ^ "Yanchang Integrated Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration | Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute". www.globalccsinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  32. ^ "Yanchang Petroleum report 2: CO2 storage and EOR in ultra-low permeability reservoir in the Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin | Decarboni.se". www.decarboni.se. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  33. ^ "CCS Project Overview". Zeroemissionsplatform.eu. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  34. ^ "Germany leads 'clean coal' pilot". BBC News. 3 September 2008.
  35. ^ "Access all areas: Schwarze Pumpe". BBC News. 3 September 2008.
  36. ^ "'Emissions-free' power plant pilot fires up in Germany".
  37. ^ "Vattenfall abandons research on CO2 storage". 7 May 2014.
  38. ^ "BASF, RWE Power and Linde are developing new processes for CO2 capture in coal-fired power plants". Press Release. Basf.com. 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  39. ^ "Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project". japanccs.com. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
  40. ^ Tanase, Daiji; Niiro, Ryuji; Kato, Hisao; Machida, Hiroshi; Nakagawa, Kazunori; Tanaka, Jiro (25 November 2022). "The post-injection phase of the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project". 16th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-16. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4285926. S2CID 254327768.
  41. ^ "北海道胆振東部地震のCO2貯留層への影響等に関する検討報告書" [Report on the impact of the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake on the CO2 reservoir] (PDF). japanccs.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  42. ^ Angamuthu, R.; Byers, P.; Lutz, M.; Spek, A. L.; Bouwman, E. (14 January 2010). "Electrocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Oxalate by a Copper Complex". Science. 327 (5963): 313–315. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..313A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1009.2076. doi:10.1126/science.1177981. PMID 20075248. S2CID 24938351.
  43. ^ Webmaster Gassnova. "TCM homepage". Tcmda.com. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  44. ^ Marianne Stigset (6 November 2011). "Norway Boosts Mongstad Carbon-Storage Site Cost to $985 Million". Bloomberg.
  45. ^ "Aker says may pull plug on carbon capture project". Reuters UK. 4 November 2011. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016.
  46. ^ Ukeblad, Øyvind Lie - Teknisk. "Tord Lien skrinlegger CO2-utredningene".
  47. ^ Energy, Ministry of Petroleum and (7 May 2015). "CCS: Pre-feasibility study on potential full-scale projects in Norway delivered". Government.no. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  48. ^ Rokke, Nils. "Norway To Build $3 Billion 'Longship' CO2 Capture Project". Forbes.
  49. ^ "Full-scale CCS project in Norway - Longship | Reaching the climate goals". Fullskala.
  50. ^ Minister, The Office of the Prime (21 September 2020). "The Government launches 'Longship' for carbon capture and storage in Norway". Government.no.
  51. ^ "Norway to Launch $2,7B Carbon Capture and Storage Project 'Longship'". Offshore Engineer Magazine. 21 September 2020.
  52. ^ Hine, Lucy (2022-08-18). "Rotor sails promise 5% emissions cut for Northern Lights CO2 ships | TradeWinds". TradeWinds - Latest shipping and maritime news. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
  53. ^ "Norway's future CO2 cemetery takes shape". Phys.org. September 5, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-09-07.
  54. ^ "Project Details". 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  55. ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  56. ^ Tsaia, I-Tsung; Al Alia, Meshayel; El Waddi, Sanaâ; Adnan Zarzourb, aOthman (2013). "Carbon Capture Regulation for The Steel and Aluminum Industries in the UAE: An Empirical Analysis". Energy Procedia. 37: 7732–7740. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.719. ISSN 1876-6102. OCLC 5570078737.
  57. ^ a b Ocone, Raffaella. "BECCS: the carbon capture technology the UK is relying on to reach net zero". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  58. ^ "2021 UK Provisional Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (PDF).
  59. ^ Ross, Kelvin (18 November 2020). "Carbon capture sector welcomes UK's green industrial strategy". Power Engineering International. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  60. ^ IChemE. "UK confirms £800m for carbon capture clusters". www.thechemicalengineer.com. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  61. ^ "Carbon capture and storage". thecrownestate.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  62. ^ "UK regulator hands over North Sea carbon storage licences to BP and Equinor". Offshore Energy. 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  63. ^ "Climate change: UK carbon capture project begins". BBC. 8 February 2019.
  64. ^ The UK Carbon Capture Usage and Storage deployment pathway (PDF). BEIS. 2018.
  65. ^ "UK startup raises $150 million in largest round for carbon capture". www.worldoil.com. 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  66. ^ "Carbon pricing". Ember. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  67. ^ "Greenhouse gas removal 'not a silver bullet to achieve net zero'". the Guardian. 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  68. ^ "– Company Announcement - FT.com". markets.ft.com.
  69. ^ "Carbon Storage Program". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  70. ^ "Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum". Cslforum.org. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  71. ^ "Department of Energy Invests $72 Million in Carbon Capture Technologies". Energy.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  72. ^ "Enabling Production of Low Carbon Emissions Steel Through CO2 Capture from Blast Furnace Gas". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  73. ^ "LH CO2MENT Colorado Project". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  74. ^ "Engineering Design of a Polaris Membrane CO2 Capture System at a Cement Plant". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  75. ^ "Engineering Design of a Linde-BASF Advanced Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Technology at a Linde Steam Methane Reforming H
    2     Plant"    . netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  76. ^ "Initial Engineering and Design for CO2 Capture from Ethanol Facilities". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  77. ^ "Chevron Natural Gas Carbon Capture Technology Testing Project". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g "FOA 2187 and FOA 2188 Project Selections". Energy.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  79. ^ "Engineering-Scale Test of a Water-Lean Solvent for Post-Combustion Capture". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  80. ^ "Direct Air Capture / A key technology for net zero" (PDF). International Energy Agency (IEA). April 2022. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2022.
  81. ^ "Direct Air Capture Using Novel Structured Adsorbents". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  82. ^ "Advanced Integrated Reticular Sorbent-Coated System to Capture CO2 from the Atmosphere (AIR2CO2)". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  83. ^ "MIL-101(Cr)-Amine Sorbents Evaluation Under Realistic Direct Air Capture Conditions". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  84. ^ "Demonstration of a Continuous-Motion Direct Air Capture (DAC) System". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  85. ^ "High-Performance, Hybrid Polymer Membrane for CO2 Separation from Ambient Air". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  86. ^ "Transformational Sorbent-Based Process for CO2 Capture". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  87. ^ "A Combined Water and CO2 Direct Air Capture System". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  88. ^ "Tunable, Rapid-Uptake, AminoPolymer Aerogel Sorbent for Direct Air Capture of CO2". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  89. ^ "Development of Advanced Solid Sorbents for Direct Air Capture". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  90. ^ "Direct Air Capture Recovery of Energy for CCUS Partnership (DAC RECO2UP)". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  91. ^ "Low Regeneration Temperature Sorbents for Direct Air Capture of CO2". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  92. ^ "Gradient Amine Sorbents for Low Vacuum Swing CO2 Capture at Ambient Temperature". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  93. ^ "Electrochemically-Driven CO2 Separation". netl.doe.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  94. ^ "Public Service Commission to consider Mississippi Power Kemper rate increase on Tuesday". gulflive.com. 4 March 2013.
  95. ^ Urbina, Ian (5 July 2016). "Piles of Dirty Secrets Behind a Model 'Clean Coal' Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  96. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (12 March 2014). "Can Kemper become the first US power plant to use 'clean coal'?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  97. ^ Geuss, Megan (29 June 2017). "$7.5 billion Kemper power plant suspends coal gasification". Ars Technica. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  98. ^ Amy, Jeff (17 December 2015). "Kemper Plant May Get More Money From Congress". Clarion-Ledger.
  99. ^ "Southern Co.'s Kemper Power Plant Costs Rise Yet Again". Atlanta Business Chronicle. 4 April 2016.
  100. ^ Drajem, Mark (14 April 2014). "Coal's Best Hope Rising With Costliest U.S. Power Plant". Bloomberg Business.
  101. ^ "A Multibillion-Dollar Clean Coal Plant Never Worked, and Now It's Been Imploded". Gizmodo. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  102. ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  103. ^ "Terrell Natural Gas Processing Plant (formerly Val Verde Natural Gas Plants) | Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute". www.globalccsinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  104. ^ a b Inc., NRG Energy. "Petra Nova". NRG Energy. Retrieved 23 November 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  105. ^ "Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies @ MIT". sequestration.mit.edu. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  106. ^ Groom, Nichola (7 August 2020). "Problems plagued U.S. CO2 capture project before shutdown: document". Reuters. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  107. ^ "Power plant linked to idled U.S. carbon capture project will shut indefinitely -NRG". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  108. ^ "DOE Announces Major Milestone Reached for Illinois Industrial CCS Project" (Press release). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  109. ^ Briscoe, Tony (23 November 2017). "Decatur plant at forefront of push to pipe carbon emissions underground, but costs raise questions". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  110. ^ "Archer Daniels Midland Company". U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  111. ^ "Goodbye smokestacks: Startup invents zero-emission fossil fuel power". Science. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
  112. ^ "That natural gas power plant with no carbon emissions or air pollution? It works". Vox. June 2018.
  113. ^ "Around the world in 22 carbon capture projects | Carbon Brief". Carbon Brief. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  114. ^ Greco-Coppi, Martin; Hofmann, Carina; Ströhle, Jochen (2024-03-01). Advanced indirectly heated carbonate looping process (ANICA) – Final report (Report). Darmstadt: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt. doi:10.26083/tuprints-00026729.
  115. ^ "ANICA – Advanced Indirectly Heated Carbonate Looping Process". Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  116. ^ Hills, Thomas P.; Sceats, Mark; Rennie, Daniel; Fennell, Paul (July 2017). "LEILAC: Low Cost CO2 Capture for the Cement and Lime Industries". Energy Procedia. 114: 6166–6170. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1753. hdl:10044/1/62582.
  117. ^ "Partners – ANICA". Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  118. ^ a b "Port Authority, Gasunie and EBN studying feasibility of CCS in Rotterdam". Port of Rotterdam. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  119. ^ "Climeworks makes history with world-first commercial CO2 capture plant | Climeworks – Capturing CO2 from Air". www.climeworks.com. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  120. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Panko, Ben. "World's Largest Carbon Capture Plant Opens in Iceland". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  121. ^ "Climeworks and CarbFix2: The world's first carbon removal solution through direct air capture | Climeworks – Capturing CO2 from Air". www.climeworks.com. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  122. ^ a b Proctor, Darrell (25 February 2020). "Tech Guru's Plan—Fight Climate Change with Nuclear Power". Power Magazine. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  123. ^ "CCM | MOF Technologies Drives to Enable Low-Carbon Cement | CarbonCaptureMagazine.com". carboncapturemagazine.com.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_carbon_capture_and_storage_projects&oldid=1245413762"