List of the cardinals attested in the contemporary sources during the period of pornocracy (904–964) and later until the election of Pope John XV in August 985. It certainly contains only small part of all cardinals living at that time, because only a small number of documents and other accounts useful for the reconstruction of that list have been preserved to our times.
The dates in the parentheses mark the first and last time when the cardinal appears in the sources.
Cardinal-bishops
edit- Hildebrandus – cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida (23 May 905[1])
- Leo – cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (925[2] – 2 February 933[3])
- Benedictus – cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida (29 May 939[4] – 4 February 943[5])
- Leo – cardinal-bishop of Velletri (9 January 946[6] – November 963[7])
- Constantinus – cardinal-bishop of Porto (May 958[8])
- Sico – cardinal-bishop of Ostia (November 963[7] – excommunicated on 28 February 964[9])
- Benedictus – cardinal-bishop of Porto (November 963[7] – 26 May 969[10])
- Lunisso – cardinal-bishop of Labico (November 963[7] – 2 January 968[11])
- Gregorius – cardinal-bishop of Albano (November 963[7] – April 983[12])
- Teophylactus – cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (November 963[7])
- Wido – cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida (November 963[7] – 29 December 975[13])
- Leo – cardinal-bishop of Ostia (2 January 968[11] – April 983[12])
Note: diocese of Sabina became a suburbicarian see only in 1063. Although some of its bishops in the 10th century are known by name, they should not be included in the list of cardinals.[14]
Cardinal-priests
edit- Leo – cardinal-priest of S. Susanna,[15] later Pope Leo VI (June 928 – December 928)
- Stephanus – cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia,[15] later Pope Stephen VII (December 928 – February 931)
- Johannes – cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere,[15] later Pope John XI (March 931 – January 936)
- Leo – cardinal-priest of S. Sisto,[15] later Pope Leo VII (3 January 936 – 13 July 939)
- Stephanus – cardinal-priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino,[15] later Pope Stephen VIII (14 July 939 – October 942)
- Marinus – cardinal-priest of S. Ciriaco,[15] later Pope Marinus II (30 October 942 – May 946)
- Stephanus – cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Leo – cardinal-priest of S. Balbina (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Dominicus – cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia (November 963[7] – 26 May 969[10])
- Petrus – cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Theophylactus – cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Joannes – cardinal-priest of S. Susanna (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Petrus – cardinal-priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo (November 963[7])
- Hadrianus – cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (November 963[7])
- Joannes – cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Hadrianus – cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Benedictus – cardinal-priest of S. Sisto (November 963[7] – 25 December 968[16])
- Theophylactus – cardinal-priest of SS. IV Coronati (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Stephanus – cardinal-priest of S. Sabina (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Joannes – cardinal-priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino (February 964[9])
- Crescentius – cardinal-priest[17] (26 May 969[10])
- Theophylactus – cardinal-priest[18] (26 May 969[10])
- Joannes – cardinal-priest of S. Vitale,[15] later Pope John XV (August 985 – March 996)
Cardinal-deacons
edit- Octavianus – cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Domnica,[15] later Pope John XII (16 December 955 – 14 May 964)
- Joannes – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church (960[19] – November 963[7])
- Joannes – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church,[20] later bishop of Narni (8 August 961[21] – 1 October 965) and Pope John XIII (1 October 965 – 6 September 972)
- Benedictus – cardinal-deacon and archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church (November 963[7] – 26 May 969[10])
- Bonofilius – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church (November 963[7] – February 964[9])
- Benedictus Grammaticus – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church (February 964[9] – 22 May 964), later Pope Benedict V (22 May 964 – 23 June 964, d. 4 July 966)
- Leo – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church (26 May 969[10])
- Bonifatius – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church (26 May 969[10])
- Benedictus – cardinal-deacon of S. Teodoro,[15] later Pope Benedict VI (19 January 973 – June 974)
- Bonifatius Franco – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church,[22] later Antipope Boniface VII (June 974 – 20 July 985)
- Stephanus – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church (975[23])
- Joannes – cardinal-deacon and archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church (7 March 982[24])
- Joannes – cardinal-deacon of the Holy Roman Church (April 983[12])
"Presumed cardinals"
editNumerous writers from the 16th century onwards, including Alphonsus Ciacconius (1540–1599), Lorenzo Cardella etc. have mentioned several other cardinals ostensibly created during this period,[25] which, however, for various reasons should be either eliminated from that list or classified as dubious ("presumed cardinals").[26] They can be divided in four subsequent categories.
Authentic persons, whose cardinalate is not proven
editNote: in some cases it is possible that the promotion really took place; however, there is no evidence to ascertain it:
| Name | Alleged cardinalate | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Johannes[27][28] | Cardinal-deacon ca. 907, elected Pope John X (914–928) | Pope John X was a deacon, but in Bologna and not at Rome; from 905 he was archbishop of Ravenna.[29] |
| Anastasius[27] | Cardinal-deacon created by Sergius III (904–911), elected Pope Anastasius III (911–913) | Contemporary sources say nothing about his promotion to the cardinalate[30] |
| Lando[27] | Cardinal-deacon created by Sergius III (904–911), elected Pope Lando (913–914) | Contemporary sources do not mention his cardinalate[31] |
| Christophorus[27][32] | Cardinal-deacon and primicerius created by Sergius III (904–911); relative of Pope Leo V | Statement almost certainly resulted from a confusion. Primicerius Christophorus was father of Pope Leo VI (not Leo V) and is attested in several documents issued by Pope John VIII in 876; there is no evidence that he was later promoted to the cardinalate and even that he was still alive under Pope Sergius III[33] |
| Sergius[27][32] | Cardinal-deacon created by John X in 928 | Certain Sergius was one of the legates of John XI in Constantinople in 932-933 but there is no evidence that he was a cardinal[34] |
| Agapitus[27] | Cardinal-deacon created by Marinus II (942–946), elected Pope Agapitus II (946–955) | The Sigeric's catalogue does not list him as cardinal.[15] Other contemporary sources also do not mention his cardinalate[35] |
| Benedictus[27] | Bishop of Sutri and cardinal under Pope John XIII (965–972), elected Pope Benedict VII (974–983) | He was bishop of Sutri, but neither the Sigeric's catalogue[15] nor the other contemporary accounts make any reference to his cardinalate [36] |
| Petrus[27] | Bishop of Pavia and cardinal created before 981, elected Pope John XIV (983–984) | He was bishop of Pavia from at least 972, but neither the Sigeric's catalogue[15] nor the other contemporary accounts make any reference to his cardinalate[37] |
| Hadamar, O.S.B., abbot of Fulda (927–956) [27][38] | Cardinal-priest created in 946 | There exist numerous papal privileges for the abbots of Fulda in the 10th century, though some of them are falsehoods. However, none of them make any reference to the cardinalate of these abbots[39] |
| Werinhar, O.S.B., abbot of Fulda (968–982) [27][40] | Cardinal created by Benedict VII |
Cardinals not attested in the contemporary sources
editThe following cardinals allegedly promoted in 10th century up to date have not been identified in the published documents from the Roman registers:[41][42]
- Bobone,[27][32] cardinal deacon in 928
- Bonifazio, of the counts of Tusculum,[27][43] bishop of Sutri and cardinal under pope Marinus II (942–946)[44]
- Pietro,[27] cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso in 946
- Giovanni,[27] of the counts of Tusculum, cardinal priest in 956
- Giovanni,[27] cardinal-priest of Ss. XII Apostoli in 964
- Giuliano,[27] cardinal-priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli in 972
Fictitious individuals
editTwo cardinals, ostensibly elected to the papacy, are fictitious persons which owe their existence an onomastic confusion[45]
- Donus[27] cardinal deacon ca. 972, elected pope Donus II in December 973 and died in March 974
- Giovanni,[27] cardinal created by Benedict VII, elected Pope John XV in August 985, died without having been consecrated
They both are not listed in the official series of Popes in Annuario Pontificio.
Cardinals known only from the false documents
editSome documents which bear the subscriptions of the cardinals have been recognized as falsehoods and although some authors unaware of this fact used them as sources for the reconstruction of the catalogue of cardinals in the 10th century, they are useless for this purpose:
- Bull of Stephen VIII dated 8 June 940/42[46]
- Eustachius, cardinal-bishop of Albano
- Gratiosus, cardinal-bishop of Palestrina
- Georgius, cardinal-bishop of Porto
- Deodatus, cardinal-bishop of Ostia
- Gregorius, cardinal priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli
- Faustinus, cardinal of S. Pietro
- Benedictus, cardinal priest of S. Cecilia
- Andreas, cardinal-archpriest of Lateran
- Julianus, cardinal priest of Lateran
- Marcus, cardinal of S. Pietro
- Bull of Marinus II in favor of the church of Adria dated 11 June 944 (?)[47]
- Benignus, cardinal-bishop of Ostia
- Grisogonus (or Georgius), cardinal-bishop of Porto
- Privilege of Leo VIII in favor of Emperor Otto I dated 29 April 964[48]
- Eustachius, cardinal-bishop of Albano
- Gratiosus, cardinal-bishop of Palestrina
- Georgius, cardinal-bishop of Porto
- Deodatus, cardinal-bishop of Ostia
- Benenatus (or Januarius), cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia
- Julianus, cardinal-priest of Lateran
- Marco, cardinal-priest of S. Paolo
- Gregorius, cardinal-priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli
- Andreas, cardinal-archpriest of Lateran
- Benedictus, cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere
- Leo, cardinal-priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme
- Faustinus, cardinal of S. Pietro
- Bull of Leo VIII dated 10 November 964:[49]
- Wido, cardinal-bishop of Albano
- Privilege of Emperor Otto I for Theobald de Martinengo of Brescia dated 6 October 968 (it mentions as living person pope Anastasius III, who died in 913)[50]
- Eustachius, cardinal-bishop of Albano
- Dondatus, cardinal-bishop of Ostia
- Belenatus, cardinal-priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli.
- Faustinus, cardinal-priest of S. Petri.
- Bull of Benedict VI in favor of the bishop of Tivoli dated 21 December 973[51]
- Joannes, cardinal-bishop of Labico (Frascati)
- Bull of Benedict VII in favor of abbot Leo of San Rofillo in Forlimpopoli dated 20/22 August 980.[52]
- Marcus, cardinal-priest of S. Stefano
- Joannes, cardinal-priest of S. Croce
- Leo, cardinal-priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
Notes
edit- ^ Italia pontificia 2, p. 25 no. 1
- ^ Ivan Kuklujević Sakcinski, Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, vol. 1, Zagreb 1874, p. 76-82.
- ^ Regesta Imperii Online. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 111
- ^ Italia pontificia 2, p. 89 no. 14
- ^ Jaffè, p. 458. The bull of 21 January 944, which also bears the signature of this cardinal, is a falsehood, see Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 177
- ^ E. Stevenson, Documenti dell'archivio della cattedrale di Velletri, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 12, 1889, p. 73
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Liudprandi historia Ottonis, MGH SS rer. Germ. 41, p. 165
- ^ Italia pontificia 2, p. 89 no. 17
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m MGH Const. 1, p. 532-535
- ^ a b c d e f g Migne, vol. 135, col. 976-979
- ^ a b Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 434 and 437
- ^ a b c Italia Pontificia 2, p. 90 no. 22; Migne, vol. 137 col. 346-349
- ^ Jaffè, p. 480
- ^ Hans Walter Klewitz: Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg, Hermann Gentner Verlag Darmstadt, 1957, p. 24-35.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Sigeric's catalogue of the popes (written in 990), edited in W. Stubbs: Memorials of Saint Dunstan, London 1874, p. 391 note 1. It contains the names of the popes elected between 914 and 985 and mentions the titular churches of those of them, who had been cardinals.
- ^ Gesta archiepscoporum Magdeburgensium, MGH SS XIV, p. 382
- ^ His titular church is not known
- ^ His titular church is not known. Perhaps he is the same as Theophylactus of SS. IV Coronati or Theophylactus of S. Crisogono (both attested in 963–964)
- ^ Jaffé, p. 465
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no. 386
- ^ Gerhard Schwartz: Die Besetzung der Bistümern Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern mit den Listen der Bischöfe 951-1122, Verlag von B. G. Teubner in Leipzig und Berlin 1913, p. 284-285.
- ^ Jaffé, p. 478; Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1975). "Bonifatius VII., Papst". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 689–690. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II, Bd. 5 no 543
- ^ P. Fedele: Tabularium S. Mariae Novae, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, 23 (1900), p. 181-182; cf. Rudolf Hüls: Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1977, p. 20.
- ^ Full list, that included both authentic and dubious names, on The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church by Salvador Miranda. For this period Miranda's list relies almost completely on the catalogue of the cardinals of the 10th century in Annuaire Pontifical Catholic, 1926, which is based mainly on Ciacconius' work titled Vitæ, et res gestæ Pontificum Romanorum, ed. A. Oldoini, Rome 1677).
- ^ About the "presumed cardinals" in general see A. Paravicini Bagliani: Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Padova 1972, p. 519 ff. and Elfriede Kartusch, Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181-1227, Wien 1948, p. 428-438. About the numerous errors made by the early historians of the College of Cardinals see also; Johannes M. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181, Berlin 1912, passim; and Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984, passim
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Salvador Miranda: The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: General list of Cardinals, 10th Century (900-999); retrieved on 18 September 2009
- ^ Cardella, p. 73-74
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 15; Mann, p. 152-153; Watterich I, p. 38-39 and 661
- ^ Mann, p. 143-146; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 1; Watterich I, p 660
- ^ Mann, p. 147-148; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 12; Watterich I, p 38 and 660.
- ^ a b c Cardella, p. 76
- ^ Mann, p. 188; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 90 note. Primicerius was always in the rank of subdeacon, not a cardinal: Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, Wien 1984, p. 250 note 301.
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 111.
- ^ Mann, p. 147-148; Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 12; Watterich I, p 41 and 672.
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 527; Schwartz, p. 264; Watterich, I, p. 686-687; Mann, p. 315-317
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 621; Schwartz, p. 142; Watterich, I, p. 687; Mann, p. 330-331
- ^ Cardella, p. 77-78.
- ^ . Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 127, 171, 205 (falsehood), 212a, 214, 215, 216, 217 (falsehood), 227 (falsehood), 248, 249, 288, 462, 464 (falsehood), 541, 590
- ^ Cardella, p. 83-84.
- ^ The following registers have been taken into account:
- Jean Paul Migne: Patrologia Latina, Vol. 131, col. 971-982, 1183-1186; vol. 132, col. 799-816, 1065-1092; vol. 133 col. 889-932, 1013-1044; vol. 134 col. 989-1000; vol. 135 col. 951-1000, 1081-1092; vol. 137 col. 315-358
- Paul Fridolin Kehr (ed. vol. 1-8), Walter Holtzmann (ed. vol. 9-10): Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Italia Pontificia, vol. 1-10, Berlin 1906-1975
- Philipp Jaffé: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Vol. I. Leipzig 1885, p. 445-485
- Julius von Pflugk-Harttung: Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita, vol. I-III, Stuttgart 1880-1886
- Regesta Imperii Online. Abteilung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911-1024) Archived 2009-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
- P. Fedele: Tabularium S. Mariae Novae, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 23 (1900), p. 171 ff.
- P. Fedele: Tabularium S.Prassede, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 27 (1904), p. 27 ff.
- P. Fedele: Carte del monastero dei Ss. Cosma e Damiano in mica aurea, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 21 (1898), p. 459 ff.
- V. Federici: Regesto del monastero dei S. Silvestro in Capite, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 22 (1899), p. 213 ff.
- L. Schiapparelli: Le carte antiche dell'archivio Capitolare di S. Pietro in Vaticano, (in:) Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, vol. 24 (1901), p. 393 ff.
- ^ Authors which affirm their promotions to the cardinalate do not mention any documentary proofs for it; therefore, it is hard to identify and to examine the primary sources for these statements.
- ^ Cardella, p. 77
- ^ Apparently a chronological error that resulted from a confusion of pope Marinus II (942–946) with his namesake Marinus I (882–884). Bishop Boniface occupied the see of Sutri in 882, under Pope Marinus I, but in 940s no bishop with this name is attested in this diocese, see Pius B. Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 729; cf. Schwartz, p. 263
- ^ http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/papacy/onomastics.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 158. The names of the cardinal-bishops have been taken from the documents of Roman council in 869.
- ^ Italia Pontificia 5, p. 190 no. 3
- ^ Full text in Watterich, I, p. 681-682; cf. Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 352; the names of the cardinal-bishops have been taken from the documents of Roman council in 869.
- ^ Jaffé, p. 469 no. 3707
- ^ Italia Pontificia 6 pt. 1, p. 334 no. 2.
- ^ Regesta Imperii. Abt. II. Bd. 5 no. 520
- ^ Italia Pontificia 5, p. 133 no. 1; Migne, vol. 137col. 335
Sources
edit- J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina
- "Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH)". Archived from the original on 2012-07-08.
- Paul Fridolin Kehr (ed. vol. 1–8), Walter Holtzmann (ed. vol. 9–10) (1906–1975). Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Italia Pontificia. Vol. 1–10 (in Latin). SUL Books in the Public Domain. Archived from the original on 2006-02-23. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Jaffé, Philipp (1885). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Vol. I. (in Latin). Leipzig. Archived from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Horace Mann: The lives of the popes. Vol. 4, London 1910
- Regesta Imperii Online
- Memorials of Saint Dunstan, ed. W. Stubbs, London 1874
- Johannes Watterich: Pontificum romanorum Vita, vol. I, Leipzig 1862
- Schwartz, Gerhard (1913). Die Besetzung der Bistümern Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern mit den Listen der Bischöfe 951–1122 (in German). Verlag von B. G. Teubner in Leipzig und Berlin.
- Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie Storiche de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, vol. I, pt. 1, Rome 1792
- Miranda, Salvador (1998–2009). The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: General list of Cardinals, 10th Century (900-999). Florida International University.
