List of companies of Switzerland

Switzerland is a federal republic in Europe. It is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF.[1][2] Switzerland ranks at or near the top globally in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development.

Location of Switzerland

Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%).[3] Exported services amount to a third of exports.[3] The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.

Largest firms

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This list shows firms in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks firms by total revenues reported before 31 March 2017.[4] Only the top five firms (if available) are included as a sample.

Rank Image Name 2016 Revenues (USD $M) Employees Notes
16   Glencore $173,883 93,123 Baar-based commodities trading and mining giant and the world's third-largest family business.[5]
64   Nestlé $90,814 328,000 Transnational consumer goods conglomerate and the largest food and beverage company in the world. The firm has more than 8,000 brands, including Gerber, Carnation, and Lean Cuisine.
112   Zurich Insurance Group $67,245 52,473 Zürich-based full line insurance and financial services company operating in more than 170 countries.
169   Hoffmann-La Roche $53,427 94,052 Multinational healthcare company headquartered in Basel. Subsidiaries include Genentech (US) and Ventana Medical Systems (US).
186   Novartis $49,436 118,393 Multinational pharmaceutical company in Basel and one of the largest drug producers by both market cap and sales. Subsidiaries include Alcon and Chiron Corporation (US).

Notable firms

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This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

Notable companies
Status: P=Private, S=State; A=Active, D=Defunct
Name Industry Sector Headquarters Founded Notes Status
   
A. Favre & Fils Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Carouge 1737 Watches P A
ABB Industrials Industrial machinery Västerås/Zürich 1988 Power and automation technology P A
Actelion Health care Pharmaceuticals Allschwil 1997 Pharmaceuticals, subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson P A
Alchimie Forever Consumer goods Personal products Geneva 2003 Skin care products P A
Alcon Health care Pharmaceuticals Hünenberg 1945 Eye care products, part of Novartis P A
Allseas Oil & gas Pipelines Châtel-Saint-Denis 1985 Pipelines, offshore services P A
Alpa Consumer goods Recreational products Zürich 1918 Cameras P A
Alpiq Utilities Energy production Baden 2009 Electric power P A
ALSO Holding Technology Software Emmen 1984 IT distribution and consulting P A
Alternative Bank Switzerland Financials Banks Olten 1990 Sustainability-oriented banking P A
AMAG Automobil- und Motoren Consumer services Specialty retailers Zürich 1945 Car importer and dealerships P A
Amcor Industrials Containers & packaging Zürich 1860 Packaging P A
Antiquorum Consumer services Specialized consumer services Geneva 1974 Auction house P A
Ascom Telecommunications Mobile telecommunications Baar 1987 Wireless P A
Atlanship Industrials Delivery services La Tour-de-Peilz 1982 Freight transportation P A
Audemars Piguet Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Le Brassus 1875 Watches P A
AutoForm Technology Software Freienbach 1995 Software development P A
Axpo Holding Utilities Conventional electricity Baden 2001 Electric power, owned by cantons S A
Baboo Consumer services Airlines Geneva 2003 Airline, defunct 2010 P D
Bally Shoe Consumer goods Footwear Caslano 1851 Shoes, part of JAB Holding Company (Luxembourg) P A
Bâloise Financials Full line insurance Caslano 1863 Insurance holding P A
Bamix Consumer goods Durable household products Inwil 1954 Blenders P A
Banque SYZ Financials Banks Geneva 1996 Private bank P A
Barry Callebaut Consumer goods Food products Zürich 1996 Cocoa and chocolate P A
Basilea Pharmaceutica Health care Pharmaceuticals Basel 2000 Specialty pharma P A
Bata Shoes Consumer goods Footwear Lausanne 1894 Shoe company P A
Bauhaus Consumer services Home improvement retailers Belp 1960 Home improvement P A
Baumann & Cie, Banquiers Financials Banks Basel 1920 Bank P A
BB Biotech Financials Equity investment instruments Basel 1993 Investments in biotechnology companies P A
BDWM Transport Consumer services Travel & tourism Bremgarten[6] 2000 Passenger transport P A
Belair Consumer services Airlines Opfikon 1925 Airline, defunct 2017 P D
Bianchet Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Neuchâtel 2017 Watches P A
Blancpain Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Paudex 1735 Watches, part of Swatch Group P A
BLS AG Industrials Railroads Bern 2006 Rail transport S A
Bolex Consumer goods Recreational products Yverdon-les-Bains 1925 Motion picture cameras and lenses P A
Bolliger & Mabillard Industrials Business support services Monthey 1988 Roller coaster design consultancy P A
Breguet Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Vallée de Joux 1775 Watches, part of The Swatch Group P A
Breitling Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Grenchen 1884 Watches P A
Bron Elektronik Consumer goods Recreational products Allschwil 1958 Manufacturer of photography equipment P A
Brown, Boveri & Cie Industrials Electrical components & equipment Baden 1891 Defunct 1988 P D
Burckhardt Compression Industrials Industrial machinery Winterthur 1844 Manufacturer of reciprocating compressors P A
BX Swiss Financials Investment services Bern 1880 Stock exchange P A
Caran d'Ache Consumer goods Nondurable household products Geneva 1915 Writing instruments P A
Cargo Sous Terrain Industrials Delivery services Basel 2013 Underground logistics system P A
Century Time Gems Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Nidau 1966 Watches P A
Certina Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Le Locle 1888 Watches, part of Swatch Group P A
Charriol Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 1983 Watches and jewellery P A
Chemins de fer du Jura Consumer services Travel & tourism Tavannes[7] 1944 Passenger rail S A
Chopard Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 1860 Watches P A
Chubb Financials Full line insurance Zürich 1985 Insurance products P A
Ciba Specialty Chemicals Basic materials Specialty chemicals Basel 1997 Now part of BASF (Germany) P A
Circus Knie Consumer services Recreational services Rapperswil 1803 Circus P A
Clariant Basic materials Specialty chemicals Muttenz 1995 Specialty chemicals P A
claro fair trade Consumer services Specialty retailers Orpund 1977 Sustainability-oriented retail P A
Club Airways International Consumer services Airlines Meyrin 2002 Corporate airline P A
Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company Consumer goods Soft drinks Zug 1969 Bottling company P A
Comlux Consumer services Airlines Zürich 2003 Corporate charter airline P A
Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman Industrials Marine transportation Lausanne 1873 Transport P A
Coop Consumer services Food retailers & wholesalers Basel 1969 Supermarkets P A
Création Baumann Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Langenthal 1886 Textile manufacturer P A
Credit Suisse Financials Banks Zürich 1856 Banking holding P A
Crypto AG Technology Software Steinhausen 1952 Communications and information security P A
Dartfish Technology Software Fribourg 1999 Video software P A
Darwin Airline Consumer services Airlines Lugano 2003 Regional airline, defunct 2017 P D
Denner Consumer services Food retailers & wholesalers Zürich 1860 Supermarkets, part of Migros P A
Digitec Galaxus Consumer services Specialty retailers Zürich 2001 Home electronic retail chain P A
DKSH Industrials Business support services Zürich 1860 Market expansion services P A
Doppelmayr Garaventa Group Industrials Transportation services Risch-Rotkreuz 1892 Manufacturer of chairlifts, cable cars, gondolas P A
Dormakaba Industrials Business support services Rümlang 1862 Security services P A
easyJet Switzerland Consumer services Airlines Meyrin 1988 Part of EasyJet P A
Edelweiss Air Consumer services Airlines Kloten 1995 Leisure airline P A
Edipresse Consumer services Publishing Lausanne 1907 Magazine publishing P A
EF Education First Consumer services Specialized consumer services Lund 1965 Language training P A
Elinchrom Consumer goods Recreational products Renens 1962 Photography equipment P A
Emmi AG Consumer goods Beverages Lucerne 1907 Milk and dairy P A
Endura Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Biel/Bienne 1966 Watches, part of The Swatch Group P A
Era Watch Company Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Les Genevez 1884 Watches P A
Ex Libris Consumer services Specialty retailers Dietikon 1949 Bookstore P A
Expert Consumer goods Specialty retailers Zug 1967 Consumer electronics retailer P A
Feldschlösschen Consumer goods Brewers Rheinfelden 1876 Brewery P A
Firmenich Consumer goods Personal products Firmenich 1895 Fragrances and flavor P A
Flug- und Fahrzeugwerke Altenrhein Industrials Aerospace Thal 1948 Defunct 1987 P D
Frédérique Constant Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 1988 Watches P A
gategroup Industrials Transportation services Zürich 1992 Airline catering and hospitality P A
Geberit Industrials Waste & disposal services Rapperswil-Jona 1874 Sanitary technology P A
Georg Fischer Industrials Diversified industrials Schaffhausen 1802 Pipelines, manufacturing, machinery P A
Girard-Perregaux Consumer goods Clothing & accessories La Chaux-de-Fonds 1791 Watches P A
Givaudan Consumer goods Personal products Vernier 1895 Fragrances and flavors P A
Glass's Guide Consumer services Publishing Freienbach 1933 Motor trades guide to used car prices P A
Glencore Basic materials General mining Baar 1974 Mining and commodity trading P A
Globus Consumer services Broadline retailers Spreitenbach 1907 Department stores P A
Glycine Watch SA Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Biel/Bienne 1914 Watches P A
Greubel Forsey Consumer goods Clothing & accessories La Chaux-de-Fonds 2004 Watches P A
Gunvor Industrials Marine transportation Geneva 2000 Petroleum trading and shipping P A
Habib Bank AG Zurich Financials Banks Zürich 1967 Private bank, owned by House of Habib (Pakistan) P A
Hamilton Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Biel/Bienne 1892 Watches, part of The Swatch Group P A
Heliswiss Consumer services Airlines Belp 1958 Helicopter operator P A
Helvetic Airways Consumer services Airlines Kloten 2003 Airline P A
Hoffmann-La Roche Health care Pharmaceuticals Basel 1896 Pharmaceuticals P A
HSBC Private Bank Financials Banks Geneva 1988 Banking P A
Hublot Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Nyon 1980 Watches P A
Implenia Industrials Construction & materials Dietlikon 2006 Heavy construction P A
Intamin Industrials General industries Wollerau 1967 Amusement ride manufacturing P A
Interhandel Conglomerates - Basel 1928 Acquired in 1967 P D
International Watch Company Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Schaffhausen 1868 Watches, part of Richemont P A
IQAir Industrials Industrial suppliers Goldach 1963 Air purifiers and filters P A
Jaeger-LeCoultre Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Le Sentier 1833 Watches, part of Richemont P A
Jet Aviation Industrials Transportation services Basel 1967 Aviation services P A
Jowissa Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Bettlach 1951 Watches P A
Julius Baer Group Financials Banks Zürich 1890 Private banking P A
Kempinski Consumer services Hotels Geneva 1897 Hotels and resorts P A
Kudelski Group Technology Computer hardware Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne 1951 Electronic media systems P A
Kuehne + Nagel Industrials Delivery services Feusisberg 1890 Transport and logistics P A
Kuoni Travel Consumer services Travel & tourism Zürich 1906 Tourism services P A
LafargeHolcim Industrials Building materials & fixtures Rapperswil-Jona 2015 Construction material supplier P A
Leica Geosystems Industrials Electronic equipment Au-Heerbrugg 1921 Surveying equipment P A
Liebherr Industrials Industrial engineering Bulle 1949 Mechanical engineering P A
Limmattaler Zeitung Consumer services Publishing Dietikon 1972 Daily newspaper P A
Lindt & Sprüngli Consumer goods Food products Kilchberg 1845 Chocolatier P A
Lions Air Consumer services Airlines Zürich 1986 Charter airline P A
Logitech Technology Computer hardware Lausanne 1981 Computer peripherals P A
Lombard Odier & Cie Financials Banks Geneva 1796 Private banking P A
Longines Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Saint-Imier 1832 Watches, part of Swatch Group P A
Lonza Group Basic materials Specialty chemicals Basel 1897 Chemicals and biotech P A
Luftseilbahn Adliswil-Felsenegg Consumer services Travel & tourism Adliswil 1954 Cable car P A
Maggi Consumer goods Food products Cham 1884 Part of Nestlé P A
Manor Consumer services Broadline retailers Basel 1902 Department store chain P A
Maurice Lacroix Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Zürich 1975 Watches P A
MB&F Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 2005 Watches P A
Mediterranean Shipping Company Industrials Marine transportation Geneva 1970 Shipping P A
Mercuria Energy Group Industrials Delivery services Geneva 2004 Commodity trading P A
Métro Lausanne–Ouchy Industrials Railroads Lausanne 1877 Defunct rail line P D
Mettler Toledo Industrials Electronic equipment Greifensee 1989 Scientific instruments P A
Mido Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Le Locle 1918 Watches, part of The Swatch Group P A
Migros Consumer services Food retailers & wholesalers Zürich 1925 Supermarkets P A
Mondaine Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Pfäffikon SZ 1944 Watches, part of the Mondaine Group P A
Mövenpick Hotels & Resorts Consumer services Hotels Zürich 1973 Hospitality, tourism P A
MSC Cruises Consumer services Travel & tourism Geneva 1960 Cruises P A
Nestlé Consumer goods Food & beverage Vevey 1866 Food processing P A
Nobel Biocare Health care Medical equipment Zürich 1981 Dental products P A
Nord Stream Oil & gas Pipelines Zug 2005 Gas pipeline P A
Novartis Health care Pharmaceuticals Basel 1996 Pharmaceuticals P A
Obersee Nachrichten Consumer services Publishing Rapperswil 1981 Weekly newspaper P A
OC Oerlikon Industrials Industrial suppliers Pfäffikon 1973 Engineering and fibers P A
Omega Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Biel/Bienne 1903 Watches, part of The Swatch Group P A
Oscilloquartz Technology Telecommunications equipment Saint-Blaise 1949 Telecom technology P A
Panalpina Industrials Delivery services Basel 1935 Logistics P A
Patek Philippe Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Plan-les-Ouates 1839 Watches P A
Pelikan Consumer goods Nondurable household products Feusisberg 1832 Writing instruments P A
Piaget Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 1874 Watches and jewelry, part of Richemont P A
Pilatus Aircraft Industrials Aerospace Stans 1939 Aircraft manufacturer P A
PLATIT Industrials Industrial machinery Selzach 1992 Coating equipment P A
PrivatAir Consumer services Airlines Meyrin 1977 Charter airline, defunct 2018 P D
Radio Zürisee Consumer services Broadcasting & entertainment Rapperswil 1983 Radio P A
Rehau Group Industrials Industrial suppliers Muri, Bern 1948 Polymer-based products supplier P A
Repower Utilities Alternative electricity Brusio 1904 Wind and hydro power P A
Richemont Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Bellevue 1988 Luxury goods P A
Rieter Industrials Industrial machinery Winterthur 1795 Textile machinery and automobile components P A
Ringier Consumer services Broadcasting & entertainment Zürich 1833 Mass media P A
Rivella Consumer goods Soft drinks Rothrist[8] 1952 Beverages P A
Roger Dubuis Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 1995 Watches and jewelry, part of Richemont P A
Rolex Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 1905 Watches P A
RosUkrEnergo Industrials Delivery services Zug[9] 2004 Gas transportation P A
Rotpunktverlag Consumer services Publishing Zürich 1976 Publishing house P A
SAPAL Industrials Containers & packaging Lausanne 1906 Defunct 1989 P D
Saurer Industrials Commercial vehicles & trucks Arbon 1903 Trucks and buses, defunct 1982 P D
Schindler Group Industrials Industrial machinery Lucerne 1874 Escalators and elevators P A
SIG Combibloc Group Industrials Containers & packaging Neuhausen am Rheinfall 1860 Packaging P A
Securitas Industrials Business support services Zollikofen 1907 Security P A
Selecta Consumer services Specialty retailers Kirchberg 1957 Vending company P A
Serono Health care Biotechnology Geneva 1906 Biotechnology P A
Sersa Group Industrials Transportation services Neuchâtel 1948 Railtrack construction and maintenance P A
SGS Industrials Business support services Geneva 1878 Inspection, verification, testing and certification services P A
Sigg Industrials Containers & packaging Frauenfeld 1908 Bottle manufacturer P A
Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn Industrials Railroads Zürich 1875 Railway P A
Sika Basic materials Specialty chemicals Baar 1910 Speciality chemicals P A
Sinitus Financials Asset managers Küsnacht 1992 Financial services P A
SITA Technology Computer hardware Geneva 1949 IT and communication services P A
SkyWork Airlines Consumer services Airlines Belp 1983 Airline P D
Sonova Health care Medical equipment Stäfa 1947 Hearing instruments P A
ST-Ericsson Technology Semiconductors Geneva 2009 Semiconductors, defunct 2013 P D
Stadler Rail Industrials Commercial vehicles & trucks Bussnang 1942 Rail car manufacturer P A
Stäubli Industrials Industrial machinery Pfäffikon 1892 Textile machinery, connectors and robotics P A
STMicroelectronics Technology Semiconductors Geneva 1957 Semiconductors P A
Südostbahn Industrials Railroads St. Gallen 2001 Railways S A
Sulzer Industrials Diversified industrials Winterthur 1834 Industrials and engineering P A
Sunrise Communications Telecommunications Fixed line telecommunications Zürich 2000 Telecom P A
Sunstar Group Consumer Goods/Engineered Components Dental, Cosmetic, Automotive Zürich 2002 Japanese founded 1932, moved to Zürich in 2002 P A
Suva Financials Life insurance Lucerne 1912 Health insurance P A
Swatch Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Biel/Bienne 1983 Watches, part of Swatch Group P A
Swiss Bank Corporation Financials Banks Basel 1854 The merger with Union Bank of Switzerland created UBS P D
SBB-CFF-FFS Industrials Railroads Bern 1902 State railway S A
SwissGear Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Delémont 2002 Clothing and luggage, part of Wenger P A
Swiss Global Air Lines (SWISS) Consumer services Airlines Kloten 2005 Airline, part of Swiss International Air Lines, defunct 2018 P D
Swiss International Air Lines Consumer services Airlines Basel 2002 Airline, part of Lufthansa P A
Swiss Life Financials Life insurance Zürich 1857 Life insurance P A
Swiss National Bank Financials Banks Bern 1906 Central bank S A
Swiss Post Industrials Delivery services Bern 1849 Postal services S A
Swiss Private Aviation Consumer services Airlines Kloten 1984 Aviation services, part of Swiss International Air Lines P D
Swiss Re Financials Reinsurance Zürich 1863 Reinsurance P A
Swissair Consumer services Airlines Kloten 1931 Airline, defunct 2002 P D
Swisscom Telecommunications Fixed line telecommunications Ittigen 1997 Telecommunications S A
Swissport Industrials Transportation services Opfikon 1996 Service company to airlines and airports P A
Syngenta Consumer goods Farming & fishing Basel 2000 Seeds and pesticides P A
TAG Heuer Consumer goods Clothing & accessories La Chaux-de-Fonds 1860 Watches P A
Tamedia Consumer services Publishing Zürich 1893 Newspapers, magazines P A
TE Connectivity Industrials Electronic equipment Schaffhausen 2007 Electronics P A
Tecan Health care Medical equipment Männedorf 1980 Laboratory instruments P A
Tetra Pak Industrials Containers & packaging Lund/Pully 1951 Food packaging P A
The Adecco Group Industrials Business training & employment agencies Opfikon 1996 Staffing P A
The Pictet Group Financials Banks Geneva 1805 Private banking P A
The Swatch Group Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Biel/Bienne 1983 Watches, holding company P A
Tissot Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Le Locle 1853 Watches, part of The Swatch Group P A
Trafigura Financials Financial services Geneva 1993 Commodity trading P A
Transocean Oil & gas Exploration & production Vernier 1973 Offshore drilling P A
Trisa Consumer goods Personal goods Triengen 1887 Personal care products P A
u-blox Technology Computer hardware Thalwil 1997 Computer hardware and software P A
UBS Financials Banks Zürich 1862 Banking P A
Ulysse Nardin Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Le Locle 1846 Watches P A
Uster Technologies Industrials Electronic equipment Uster 2003 Electronics P A
Vacheron Constantin Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Geneva 1755 Watches, part of Richemont P A
Victorinox Consumer goods Recreational products Ibach 1884 Manufacturer of Swiss Army knives P A
Vidby Technology Software Risch-Rotkreuz 2021 AI-based language translator for videos P A
Vitol Financials Financial services Geneva 1966 Commodity trading P A
Von Roll Industrials Electrical components & equipment Breitenbach 1803 Electrical components & equipment P A
Walter Verlag Consumer services Publishing Olten 1916 Publishing house P A
Waltham Watch Company Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Marin-Epagnier 1850 Watches P A
Weatherford International Oil & gas Oil equipment & services Baar[10] 1941 Oilfield services P A
Weleda Consumer goods Personal products Arlesheim 1921 Natural beauty products P A
Wenger Consumer goods Recreational products Delémont 1893 Swiss army knives P A
Xstrata Basic materials General mining Zug 1926 Mining, merged with Glencore P D
Zenith Consumer goods Clothing & accessories Le Locle 1865 Watches P A
Zephyr Surgical Implants Health care Medical equipment Geneva 2005 Urinary sphincters and penile implants P A
Zimex Aviation Consumer services Airlines Opfikon 1969 Aircraft leases P A
Zürcher Oberländer Consumer services Publishing Wetzikon 1852 Newspaper P A
Zurich Insurance Group Financials Full line insurance Zürich 1872 Insurance P A
Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft Industrials Marine transportation Zürich 1890 Transport P A
Zürichsee-Zeitung Consumer services Publishing Stäfa 1845 Newspaper P A

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Subir Ghosh (9 October 2010). "US is still by far the richest country, China fastest growing". Digital Journal. Canada. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  2. ^ Simon Bowers (19 October 2011). "Franc's rise puts Swiss top of rich list". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b Swiss Statistical Yearbook 2008 by Swiss Federal Statistical Office
  4. ^ DeCarlo, Scott (20 July 2017). "The Fortune 2017 Global 500". Fortune.
  5. ^ "Relatively successful". Daily Chart. The Economist. 3 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  6. ^ "BDWM Transport AG: Private Company Information". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
  7. ^ Cie Des Chemins de Fer DU Jura SA. "Cie Des Chemins de Fer DU Jura SA: Company Profile". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
  8. ^ "Rivella AG: Private Company Information". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
  9. ^ "RosUkrEnergo AG: Private Company Information". Bloomberg. 2014-06-05. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
  10. ^ "Weatherford International plc: Private Company Information". Bloomberg. 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2017-12-24.