This is a list of the gymnasts who are set to represent their respective countries at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France from 27 July to 10 August 2024. Gymnasts across three disciplines (artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline) will participate in the Games.
Male artistic gymnasts
editName | Country | Date of birth | |
---|---|---|---|
Youngest competitor | Ángel Barajas | Colombia | 12 August 2006 (aged 17) |
Oldest competitor | Vahagn Davtyan | Armenia | 18 August 1988 (aged 35) |
Team
editNOC | Name | Date of birth | Hometown | Reserves |
---|---|---|---|---|
Canada[1] | Zachary Clay | 5 July 1995 (aged 29) | Chilliwack, British Columbia | |
René Cournoyer | 23 April 1997 (aged 27) | Repentigny, Quebec | ||
Félix Dolci | 5 May 2002 (aged 22) | Saint-Eustache, Quebec | ||
William Émard | 17 March 2000 (aged 24) | Laval, Quebec | ||
Samuel Zakutney | 6 October 1998 (aged 25) | Ottawa, Ontario | ||
China | Liu Yang | 10 September 1994 (aged 29) | Anshan | |
Su Weide[2] | 19 March 2000 (aged 24) | Guangdong | ||
Xiao Ruoteng | 30 January 1996 (aged 28) | Beijing | ||
Zhang Boheng | 4 March 2000 (aged 24) | Hunan | ||
Zou Jingyuan | 3 January 1998 (aged 26) | Yibin | ||
Germany | Pascal Brendel | 15 September 2003 (aged 20) | Wehrheim | |
Lukas Dauser | 15 June 1993 (aged 31) | Ebersberg | ||
Nils Dunkel | 20 February 1997 (aged 27) | Erfurt | ||
Timo Eder | 11 June 2005 (aged 19) | Ludwigsburg | ||
Andreas Toba | 2 October 1990 (aged 33) | Hanover | ||
Great Britain[3] | Joe Fraser | 6 December 1998 (aged 25) | Birmingham | |
Harry Hepworth | 6 December 2003 (aged 20) | Leeds | ||
Jake Jarman | 3 December 2001 (aged 22) | Peterborough | ||
Luke Whitehouse | 2 July 2002 (aged 22) | Halifax | ||
Max Whitlock | 13 January 1993 (aged 31) | Hemel Hempstead | ||
Italy | Yumin Abbadini | 6 May 2001 (aged 23) | Bergamo | |
Nicola Bartolini | 2 February 1996 (aged 28) | Milan | ||
Lorenzo Minh Casali | 12 September 2002 (aged 21) | Offagna | ||
Mario Macchiati | 27 November 1999 (aged 24) | Fermo | ||
Carlo Macchini | 5 May 1996 (aged 28) | Ancona | ||
Japan | Daiki Hashimoto | 7 August 2001 (aged 22) | Chiba | |
Kazuma Kaya | 19 November 1996 (aged 27) | Funabashi | ||
Shinnosuke Oka | 31 October 2003 (aged 20) | Okayama | ||
Takaaki Sugino | 18 October 1998 (aged 25) | Mie | ||
Wataru Tanigawa | 23 July 1996 (aged 28) | Funabashi | ||
Netherlands | Loran de Munck | 9 May 1999 (aged 25) | Haarlem | |
Martijn de Veer | 21 November 2002 (aged 21) | Rotterdam | ||
Jermain Grünberg | 2 September 2000 (aged 23) | Tilburg | ||
Frank Rijken | 24 November 1996 (aged 27) | Westvoorne | ||
Casimir Schmidt | 31 October 1995 (aged 28) | Hoofddorp | ||
Spain | Néstor Abad | 29 March 1993 (aged 31) | Madrid | |
Thierno Diallo | 22 November 2000 (aged 23) | Manresa | ||
Nicolau Mir | 10 May 2000 (aged 24) | Palma de Mallorca | ||
Joel Plata | 20 March 1998 (aged 26) | Barcelona | ||
Rayderley Zapata | 26 May 1993 (aged 31) | Las Palmas | ||
Switzerland | Luca Giubellini | 1 April 2003 (aged 21) | Rebstein | |
Matteo Giubellini | 7 November 2004 (aged 19) | Rebstein | ||
Florian Langenegger | 26 March 2003 (aged 21) | Bühler | ||
Noe Seifert | 29 October 1998 (aged 25) | Sevelen | ||
Taha Serhani | 25 March 1995 (aged 29) | Huttwil | ||
Turkey | Ferhat Arıcan | 28 July 1993 (aged 30) | İzmir | |
Adem Asil | 21 February 1999 (aged 25) | Alexandria, Egypt | ||
İbrahim Çolak | 7 January 1995 (aged 29) | İzmir | ||
Emre Dodanlı | 24 October 2002 (aged 21) | Milton, Canada | ||
Ahmet Önder | 11 July 1996 (aged 28) | Istanbul | ||
Ukraine | Nazar Chepurnyi | 3 September 2002 (aged 21) | Cherkasy | |
Illia Kovtun | 10 August 2003 (aged 20) | Cherkasy | ||
Igor Radivilov | 19 October 1992 (aged 31) | Mariupol | ||
Radomyr Stelmakh | 18 August 2005 (aged 18) | Zaporizhzhia | ||
Oleg Verniaiev | 29 September 1993 (aged 30) | Donetsk | ||
United States | Asher Hong | 23 March 2004 (aged 20) | Tomball, Texas | |
Paul Juda | 7 July 2001 (aged 23) | Deerfield, Illinois | ||
Brody Malone | 7 January 2000 (aged 24) | Summerville, Georgia | ||
Stephen Nedoroscik | 28 October 1998 (aged 25) | Worcester, Massachusetts | ||
Fred Richard | 23 April 2004 (aged 20) | Stoughton, Massachusetts |
Individual
editFemale artistic gymnasts
editName | Country | Date of birth | |
---|---|---|---|
Youngest competitor | Hezly Rivera | United States | 4 June 2008 (aged 16) |
Oldest competitor | Jade Barbosa | Brazil | 1 July 1991 (aged 33) |
Team
editNOC | Name | Date of birth | Hometown | Reserves |
---|---|---|---|---|
Australia[6] | Kate McDonald | 1 August 2000 (aged 23) | Balwyn | |
Emma Nedov | 11 March 1996 (aged 28) | Sydney | ||
Ruby Pass | 17 May 2007 (aged 17) | Figtree | ||
Breanna Scott | 12 December 2001 (aged 22) | Sydney | ||
Emily Whitehead | 11 December 2000 (aged 23) | Mornington | ||
Brazil | Rebeca Andrade | 8 May 1999 (aged 25) | Guarulhos | |
Jade Barbosa | 1 July 1991 (aged 33) | Rio de Janeiro | ||
Lorrane Oliveira | 13 April 1998 (aged 26) | Rio de Janeiro | ||
Flávia Saraiva | 30 September 1999 (aged 24) | Rio de Janeiro | ||
Júlia Soares | 24 August 2005 (aged 18) | Colombo | ||
Canada[1] | Ellie Black | 8 September 1995 (aged 28) | Halifax, Nova Scotia | |
Cassie Lee | 15 October 2005 (aged 18) | Toronto, Ontario | ||
Shallon Olsen | 10 July 2000 (aged 24) | Surrey, British Columbia | ||
Ava Stewart | 30 September 2005 (aged 18) | Bowmanville, Ontario | ||
Aurélie Tran | 25 May 2006 (aged 18) | Repentigny, Quebec | ||
China | Luo Huan | 6 March 2000 (aged 24) | Xiantao | |
Ou Yushan | 13 January 2004 (aged 20) | Guangdong | ||
Qiu Qiyuan | 24 May 2007 (aged 17) | Fujian | ||
Zhang Yihan | 24 January 2008 (aged 16) | Henan | ||
Zhou Yaqin | 12 November 2005 (aged 18) | Hunan | ||
France | Marine Boyer | 22 May 2000 (aged 24) | Saint-Benoît, Réunion | |
Coline Devillard | 9 October 2000 (aged 23) | Digoin | ||
Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos | 5 March 2000 (aged 24) | Schœlcher, Martinique | ||
Morgane Osyssek | 15 December 2002 (aged 21) | Haguenau | ||
Ming van Eijken | 3 April 2008 (aged 16) | Lyon | ||
Great Britain[3] | Becky Downie | 24 January 1992 (aged 32) | Nottingham | |
Ruby Evans | 17 March 2007 (aged 17) | Cardiff | ||
Georgia-Mae Fenton | 2 November 2000 (aged 23) | Kent | ||
Alice Kinsella | 13 March 2001 (aged 23) | Sutton Coldfield | ||
Abigail Martin | 19 April 2008 (aged 16) | Devon | ||
Italy | Angela Andreoli | 6 June 2006 (aged 18) | Brescia | |
Alice D'Amato | 7 February 2003 (aged 21) | Genoa | ||
Manila Esposito | 2 November 2006 (aged 17) | Boscotrecase | ||
Elisa Iorio | 21 March 2003 (aged 21) | Modena | ||
Giorgia Villa | 23 February 2003 (aged 21) | Ponte San Pietro | ||
Japan[7] | Rina Kishi | 23 September 2007 (aged 16) | Toda | |
Haruka Nakamura | 18 May 2008 (aged 16) | Osaka | ||
Mana Okamura | 28 May 2005 (aged 19) | Mie | ||
Kohane Ushioku | 17 August 2004 (aged 19) | Tokyo | ||
No fifth athlete [a] | ||||
Netherlands | Sanna Veerman | 29 January 2002 (aged 22) | Edam-Volendam | |
Naomi Visser | 21 August 2001 (aged 22) | Papendrecht | ||
Tisha Volleman[11] | 26 October 1999 (aged 24) | Eindhoven | ||
Lieke Wevers | 17 September 1991 (aged 32) | Heerenveen | ||
Sanne Wevers | 17 September 1991 (aged 32) | Heerenveen | ||
Romania | Ana Bărbosu | 26 July 2006 (aged 18) | Focșani | |
Lilia Cosman | 6 August 2007 (aged 16) | Lansing, U.S. | ||
Amalia Ghigoarță | 28 January 2007 (aged 17) | Lugoj | ||
Andreea Preda | 23 May 2006 (aged 18) | Constanța | ||
Sabrina Voinea | 4 June 2007 (aged 17) | Constanța | ||
South Korea[12] | Eom Do-hyun | 26 February 2003 (aged 21) | Seoul | |
Lee Da-yeong | 28 December 2004 (aged 19) | Seoul | ||
Lee Yun-seo | 3 May 2003 (aged 21) | Seoul | ||
Shin Sol-yi | 14 July 2004 (aged 20) | Chungju | ||
Yeo Seo-jeong | 20 February 2002 (aged 22) | Yongin | ||
United States | Simone Biles | 14 March 1997 (aged 27) | Spring, Texas | |
Jade Carey | 27 May 2000 (aged 24) | Phoenix, Arizona | ||
Jordan Chiles | 15 April 2001 (aged 23) | Vancouver, Washington | ||
Sunisa Lee | 9 March 2003 (aged 21) | Saint Paul, Minnesota | ||
Hezly Rivera | 4 June 2008 (aged 16) | Oradell, New Jersey |
Individual
editRhythmic gymnasts
editName | Country | Date of birth | |
---|---|---|---|
Youngest competitor | Vera Tugolukova | Cyprus | 16 September 2008 (aged 15) |
Oldest competitor | Ekaterina Vedeneeva | Slovenia | 23 June 1994 (aged 30) |
Individual
editGroup
editNOC | Name | Date of birth | Hometown | Reserves |
---|---|---|---|---|
Australia[6] | Saskia Broedelet | 20 February 2004 (aged 20) | Waverley |
|
Emmanouela Frroku | 31 July 2007 (aged 17) | Brisbane | ||
Lidiia Iakovleva | 28 August 2003 (aged 20) | Brisbane | ||
Phoebe Learmont | 23 June 2005 (aged 19) | Jamboree Heights | ||
Jessica Weintraub | 20 March 2007 (aged 17) | Melbourne | ||
Azerbaijan | Zeynab Hummatova | 6 December 1999 (aged 24) | Shaki |
|
Yelyzaveta Luzan | 14 March 2003 (aged 21) | Baku | ||
Darya Sorokina | 29 November 2002 (aged 21) | Baku | ||
Gullu Aghalarzade | 25 October 2003 (aged 20) | Baku | ||
Laman Alimuradova | 29 November 2004 (aged 19) | Baku | ||
Brazil | Déborah Medrado | 13 July 2002 (aged 22) | Serra | |
Sofia Pereira | 15 September 2003 (aged 20) | Vitória | ||
Nicole Pircio | 22 July 2002 (aged 22) | Piracicaba | ||
Victória Borges | 13 July 2002 (aged 22) | Aracaju | ||
Maria Eduarda Arakaki | 12 August 2003 (aged 20) | Maceió | ||
Bulgaria[17] | Magdalina Minevska | 2 December 2005 (aged 18) | Sofia | |
Sofia Ivanova | 15 September 2005 (aged 18) | Sofia | ||
Kamelia Petrova | 1 May 2006 (aged 18) | Sofia | ||
Rachel Stoyanov | 14 March 2003 (aged 21) | Los Angeles, U.S. | ||
Margarita Vasileva | 30 May 2005 (aged 19) | Sofia | ||
China | Huang Zhangjiayang | 15 February 2000 (aged 24) | Sichuan | |
Ding Xinyi | 27 August 2004 (aged 19) | Chongqing | ||
Wang Lanjing | 10 May 2005 (aged 19) | Hangzhou | ||
Guo Qiqi | 7 August 1998 (aged 26) | Chongqing | ||
Hao Ting | 23 March 2001 (aged 23) | Jiangsu | ||
Egypt[21] | Abeer Ramadan | 31 July 2007 (aged 17) | Cairo | |
Farida Hussein | 7 February 2006 (aged 18) | Cairo | ||
Johara Eldeeb | 24 May 2007 (aged 17) | Cairo | ||
Amina Sobeih | 18 August 2006 (aged 17) | Cairo | ||
Lamar Behairi | 1 August 2007 (aged 17) | Cairo | ||
France[22] | Manelle Inaho | 26 September 2003 (aged 20) | Villeneuve-Saint-Georges |
|
Lozea Vilarino | 3 February 2003 (aged 21) | Rillieux-la-Pape | ||
Justine Lavit | 19 July 2006 (aged 18) | Tarbes | ||
Ainhoa Dot-Espinosa | 15 May 2005 (aged 19) | Orléans | ||
Celia Joseph-Noel | 5 November 2003 (aged 20) | Issy-les-Moulineaux | ||
Germany[19] | Anja Kosan | 12 December 2002 (aged 21) | Berlin | |
Daniella Kromm | 17 February 2004 (aged 20) | Waiblingen | ||
Alina Oganesyan | 13 June 2004 (aged 20) | Tashkent, Uzbekistan | ||
Hannah Vester | 2 May 2006 (aged 18) | Zornheim | ||
Emilia Wickert | 25 January 2007 (aged 17) | Ulm | ||
Israel | Shani Bakanov | 27 February 2006 (aged 18) | Haifa | |
Diana Svertsov | 15 November 2004 (aged 19) | Bat Yam | ||
Romi Paritzki | 17 June 2004 (aged 20) | Netanya | ||
Ofir Shaham | 23 November 2004 (aged 19) | Zikhron Ya'akov | ||
Adar Friedmann | 18 July 2006 (aged 18) | Petah Tikva | ||
Italy | Laura Paris | 7 September 2002 (aged 21) | Rho | |
Martina Centofanti | 19 May 1998 (aged 26) | Rome | ||
Agnese Duranti | 18 December 2000 (aged 23) | Spoleto | ||
Alessia Maurelli | 22 August 1996 (aged 27) | Rivoli | ||
Daniela Mogurean | 16 July 2001 (aged 23) | Mestre | ||
Mexico | Dalia Alcocer | 2 January 2004 (aged 20) | Mérida | |
Julia Gutiérrez | 13 September 2007 (aged 16) | Mérida | ||
Sofia Flores | 20 December 2004 (aged 19) | Coahuila | ||
Kimberly Salazar | 24 April 2004 (aged 20) | Xalapa | ||
Adirem Tejeda | 21 June 2002 (aged 22) | Yucatán | ||
Spain | Inés Bergua | 29 May 2004 (aged 20) | Huesca | |
Mireia Martínez | 21 April 2005 (aged 19) | La Pobla de Vallbona | ||
Patricia Pérez | 8 August 2004 (aged 20) | Valencia | ||
Salma Solaun | 2 March 2005 (aged 19) | Vitoria-Gasteiz | ||
Ana Arnau | 20 September 2005 (aged 18) | Madrid | ||
Ukraine | Alina Melnyk | 17 May 2005 (aged 19) | Lviv | |
Diana Baieva | 9 August 2004 (aged 20) | Makiivka | ||
Kira Shyrykina | 4 June 2008 (aged 16) | Dnipro | ||
Valeriia Peremeta | 25 September 2007 (aged 16) | Mykolaiv | ||
Mariia Vysochanska | 10 September 2002 (aged 21) | Lviv | ||
Uzbekistan | Evelina Atalyants | 1 July 2007 (aged 17) | Tashkent | |
Shakhzoda Ibragimova | 24 November 2002 (aged 21) | Nukus | ||
Mumtozabonu Iskhokzoda | 31 December 2005 (aged 18) | Tashkent | ||
Amaliya Mamedova | 29 August 2008 (aged 15) | Samarkand | ||
Irodakhon Sadikova | 5 September 2007 (aged 16) | Tashkent |
Male trampoline gymnasts
editName | Country | Date of birth | |
---|---|---|---|
Youngest competitor | Brock Batty | Australia | 4 January 2007 (aged 17) |
Oldest competitor | Ángel Hernández | Colombia | 6 January 1995 (aged 29) |
Female trampoline gymnasts
editName | Country | Date of birth | |
---|---|---|---|
Youngest competitor | Anzhela Bladtceva | Individual Neutral Athletes | 23 July 2005 (aged 19) |
Oldest competitor | Luba Golovina | Georgia | 20 April 1990 (aged 34) |
Notes
edit- ^ Shoko Miyata was removed from the Japanese team due to smoking and drinking alcohol, which is prohibited in Japan for those under 20.[8][9] No athlete substitution was made due to Miyata being removed for something other than injury.[10]
- ^ a b c Athletes from Belarus and Russia will compete under the name Individual Neutral Athletes (AIN) at the 2024 Summer Olympics due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[24]
References
edit- ^ a b Steiner, Ben (10 June 2024). "Weekend Roundup: Silver for Melissa & Brandie; Ellie Black wins big at nationals". Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "中国体操队队员孙炜受伤退出奥运阵容,小将苏炜德替补参赛" [Chinese gymnastics team member Sun Wei was injured and withdrew from the Olympic team. Su Weide will be the substitute]. China Youth Daily (in Chinese). 25 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "And your Team GB Paris 2024 gymnasts are..." British Gymnastics. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Gymnastics 101: Who's qualified for the Paris Olympics?". NBC Olympics. 18 March 2024.
- ^ a b "23 more Artistic gymnasts have earned Olympic berths! See who's headed to Paris here". International Gymnastics Federation. 22 April 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ a b c "Largest ever Australian Olympic Gymnastics Team named for Paris Olympics". Australian Olympic Committee. 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ Kano, Shintaro (18 May 2024). "NHK Trophy 2024: Miyata Shoko Romps to Third Successive Women's Title - and a Gymnastics Quota at Paris 2024". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "Japanese gymnast Shoko Miyata out of Olympics for smoking". ESPN. 19 July 2024.
- ^ "Gymnastics: Japan teen Shoko Miyata out of Olympics for smoking, drinking". Kyodo News. 19 July 2024.
- ^ "体操女子に激震 宮田笙子代表辞退で団体戦は「4人で戦わざるを得ない」と西村専務理事 怪我、病気以外での交代認められず" [Shock to women's gymnastics: Shoko Miyata withdraws from team; "We have no choice but to compete with four people," says Executive Director Nishimura; substitutions not allowed except for injury or illness]. Yahoo! Japan (in Japanese). 19 July 2024.
- ^ "Tisha Volleman mag alsnog naar Olympische Spelen, Eindhovense vervangt geblesseerde Van Pol" [Tisha Volleman may go to the Olympic Games after all, Eindhoven replaces injured Van Pol]. Eindhovens Dagblad (in Dutch). 25 July 2024.
- ^ "신솔이, 여자 기계체조 대표 선발전서 1위…여서정 3위" [Shin Sol-yi takes first place in the women's artistic gymnastics national team selection competition... Yeo Seo-jeong 3rd place]. Hankyung (in Korean). 23 March 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ^ "Klasszisunk drámai sérülése után a tartalék holnap már Párizsban készül a nagy napra" [After the dramatic injury of our class, the reserve is already preparing for the big day in Paris tomorrow]. Magyar Nemzet (in Hungarian). 26 July 2024.
- ^ Crumlish, John (28 January 2021). "Israel's Lihie Raz: 'I Did My Best To Channel The Pressure'". International Gymnast Magazine.
- ^ "Natalia Escalera cumplirá su sueño, confirmada por México para París 2024" [Natalia Escalera will fulfill her dream, confirmed by Mexico for Paris 2024]. Excélsior (in Mexican Spanish). 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Mundial de Gimnasia Artística 2023: la mexicana Ahtziri Sandoval obtiene una cuota olímpica en París 2024" [2023 World Artistic Gymnastics: Mexican Ahtziri Sandoval obtains an Olympic berth to Paris 2024]. International Olympic Committee (in Mexican Spanish). 8 October 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ a b c "Боряна Калейн, Стилияна Николова и ансамбъл-жени ще представят България в Париж" [Boryana Kalein, Stiliyana Nikolova and a women's group will represent Bulgaria in Paris]. Bulgaria Sport (in Bulgarian). 26 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ "GR/GAM - JO 2024 - HÉLÈNE KARBANOV ET SAMIR AIT SAID SÉLECTIONNÉS POUR LES JEUX OLYMPIQUES..." FFGYM (in French). 14 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ a b c "Rhythmische Sportgymnastinnen für Paris" [Rhythmic gymnasts for Paris]. German Gymnastics Federation (in German). 29 June 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
- ^ a b "List of the Rhythmic Gymnastics 2024 Olympic Qualifiers". International Gymnastics Federation. 10 July 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ Crumlish, John (27 May 2024). "Egyptian rhythmic gymnasts poised to leap onto Olympic stage in Paris". International Gymnast Magazine. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ "GR - JO 2024 - LA COMPOSITION DE L'ENSEMBLE FRANCE EST DÉSORMAIS CONNUE". FFGYM (in French). 28 June 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ a b "La Sélection De Léa Labrousse Et Pierre Gouzou Aux JO 2024" [The selection of Léa Labrousse and Pierre Gouzou for the 2024 Olympics]. L'Equipe (in French). 3 May 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ^ "Individual Neutral Athletes at the Olympic Games Paris 2024". International Olympic Committee. 15 June 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Trampoline Athletes Dylan Schmidt and Maddie Davidson Named to New Zealand Olympic Team". Gymnastics New Zealand. 23 April 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ a b "Stevens, Shostak earn Olympic berths; titles collected as USA Gymnastics Championships conclude". USA Gymnastics. 27 June 2024.
- ^ a b "List of the Trampoline Gymnastics Qualifiers". International Gymnastics Federation. 10 July 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Who is competing in gymnastics at the 2024 Paris Olympics?". Gymnastics Now. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "Paris 2024 Team Canada Qualification Tracker". Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ African Gymnastics Union [@uag_african_union] (13 May 2024). "Malak Hamza secures her spot at the Olympic Games for the second time in a row, dominating the Trampoline African Championship and claiming 1st place". Retrieved 28 May 2024 – via Instagram.