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List of hominoids

Hominoidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called hominoids or apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, bonobos, and humans. Hominoidea is one of the six major groups in the order Primates. The majority are found in forests in Southeastern Asia and Equatorial Africa, with the exception of humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. They range in size from some gibbon species in the genus Nomascus, at 40 cm (16 in), to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Hominoids primarily eat fruit, leaves, flowers, and insects, though humans are omnivorous. Most hominoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 10 mature individuals to 47,000, in addition to over 8 billion humans. Nearly every species is categorized as endangered or critically endangered; aside from humans, the only exception is the eastern hoolock gibbon, classified as vulnerable.

Brown orangutan
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli)

The twenty-eight extant species of Hominoidea are divided into two families: Hominidae, containing five gorilla, chimpanzee, and human species divided into three genera in the subfamily Homininae, and three orangutan species in a single genus in the subfamily Ponginae; and Hylobatidae, containing twenty gibbon species divided into four genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric hominoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (10 species)
 EN Endangered (16 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (0 species)
 LC Least concern (0 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the hominoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

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Distribution of hominid species
 
Distribution of hylobatid species

The superfamily Hominoidea consists of two extant families: Hominidae and Hylobatidae. Hominidae is divided into two subfamilies: Homininae, containing five species divided between three genera, and Ponginae, containing three species in a single genus. Hylobatidae contains twenty species in four genera.

Family Hominidae

  • Subfamily Homininae
    • Genus Gorilla (gorillas): two species
    • Genus Homo (human): one species
    • Genus Pan (chimpanzees): two species
  • Subfamily Ponginae
    • Genus Pongo (orangutans): three species

Family Hylobatidae

  • Genus Hoolock (hoolock gibbons): three species
  • Genus Hylobates (dwarf gibbons): eight species
  • Genus Nomascus (crested gibbons): seven species
  • Genus Symphalangus (siamang): one species
Hominoidea[2]  

Hominoids

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Family Hominidae

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Main article: Hominidae

Subfamily Homininae

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Main article: Homininae
Genus Gorilla – Geoffroy, 1852 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern gorilla

 

G. beringei
Matschie, 1903

Two subspecies
 Central Africa
  		Size: 160–196 cm (63–77 in) long[4]

Habitat: Forest[5]

Diet: Roots, leaves, stems, and pith, as well as bark, wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung[6] 		 CR 


2,600  [5]

Western gorilla

 

G. gorilla
(Savage, 1847)

Two subspecies
 Western Africa
  		Size: 130–185 cm (51–73 in) long[7]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Leaves, berries, ferns, and fibrous bark[9] 		 CR 


Unknown  [8]

Genus Homo – Linnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Human

 

H. sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide (population density shown)
  		Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs[10]

Habitat: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous 		 NE 


8 billion  

Genus Pan – Oken, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bonobo

 

P. paniscus
Schwarz, 1929 		Central Africa
  		Size: 70–83 cm (28–33 in) long[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, bark, flowers, truffles, fungus, and honey[12] 		 EN 


Unknown  [12]

Chimpanzee

 

P. troglodytes
(Blumenbach, 1775)

Four subspecies
 Central and western Africa
  		Size: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long[13]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[14]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as insects, small vertebrates, and eggs[15] 		 EN 


Unknown  [14]

Subfamily Ponginae

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Main article: Ponginae
Genus Pongo – Lacépède, 1799 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean orangutan

 

P. pygmaeus
(Linnaeus, 1760)

Three subspecies
  • P. p. morio (Northeast Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. pygmaeus (Northwest Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. wurmbii (Central Bornean orangutan)
Borneo
  		Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil[18] 		 CR 


Unknown  [17]

Sumatran orangutan

 

P. abelii
Lesson, 1827 		Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia
  		Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and eggs[20] 		 CR 


Unknown  [19]

Tapanuli orangutan

 

P. tapanuliensis
Nurcahyo, Meijaard, Nowak, Fredriksson, Groves, 2017 		South Tapanuli in Sumatra
 
 
 Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16][21]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[23] 		 CR 


Unknown  [22]

Family Hylobatidae

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Main article: Hylobatidae
Genus Hoolock – Mootnick, Groves, 2005 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern hoolock gibbon

 

H. leuconedys
(Groves, 1967) 		Southern Asia
  		Size: About 55 cm (22 in) long[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots[25] 		 VU 


Unknown  [25]

Skywalker hoolock gibbon


H. tianxing
Fan, 2017 		Southern Asia
  		Size: About 81 cm (32 in) long[26]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers[27] 		 EN 


Unknown  [27]

Western hoolock gibbon

 

H. hoolock
(Harlan, 1834) 		Southern Asia
  		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[29] 		 EN 


Unknown  [29]

Genus Hylobates – Illiger, 1811 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Agile gibbon

 

H. agilis
F. Cuvier, 1821 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, leaves, and insects[31] 		 EN 


Unknown  [31]

Bornean white-bearded gibbon

 

H. albibarbis
Lyon, 1911 		Southern Borneo
  		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30][32]

Habitat: Forest[33]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, and flowers[33] 		 EN 


Unknown  [33]

Eastern grey gibbon

 

H. funereus
I. Geoffroy, 1850 		Northern Borneo (in yellow)
  		Size: 47–49 cm (19–19 in) long[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[34] 		 EN 


Unknown  [35]

Kloss's gibbon

 

H. klossii
(Miller, 1903) 		Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra
  		Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, eggs, small vertebrates, and insects[36] 		 EN 


Unknown  [37]

Lar gibbon

 

H. lar
(Linnaeus, 1771)

Five subspecies
 Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leafy plants, flowers, and insects[39] 		 EN 


Unknown  [38]

Müller's gibbon

 

H. muelleri
Martin, 1841 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[40]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves[40] 		 EN 


Unknown  [41]

Pileated gibbon

 

H. pileatus
(Gray, 1861) 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long[42]

Habitat: Forest[43]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[42] 		 EN 


47,000  [43]

Silvery gibbon

 

H. moloch
(Audebert, 1798) 		Island of Java in Indonesia
  		Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[45]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[45] 		 EN 


Unknown  [45]

Western grey gibbon


H. abbotti
Kloss, 1929 		Western Borneo
  		Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[46]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and insects[46] 		 EN 


30,000–45,000  [46]

Genus Nomascus – Miller, 1933 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black crested gibbon


N. concolor
(Harlan, 1826)

Four subspecies
  • N. c. concolor (Tonkin black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. furvogaster (West Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. jingdongensis (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. lu (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 43–54 cm (17–21 in) long[47]

Habitat: Forest[48]

Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as buds, flowers, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[47] 		 CR 


1,500  [48]

Eastern black crested gibbon


N. nasutus
(Künckel d'Herculais, 1884) 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[50]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and buds, as well as animals, flowers, and plant parts[50] 		 CR 


45  [50]

Hainan black crested gibbon

 

N. hainanus
(Thomas, 1892) 		Island of Hainan in China
  		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[51]

Diet: Fruit[51] 		 CR 


10  [51]

Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon


N. annamensis
Thinh, 2010 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[52]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, and flowers, as well as small mammals and lizards[52] 		 EN 


Unknown  [52]

Northern white-cheeked gibbon

 

N. leucogenys
(Ogilby, 1840) 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long[53]

Habitat: Forest[54]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[53] 		 CR 


Unknown  [54]

Southern white-cheeked gibbon

 

N. siki
(Delacour, 1951) 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 47–64 cm (19–25 in) long[55]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diet: Fruit[56] 		 CR 


600  [56]

Yellow-cheeked gibbon

 

N. gabriellae
(Thomas, 1909) 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long[57]

Habitat: Forest[58]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[58] 		 EN 


Unknown  [58]

Genus Symphalangus – Gloger, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Siamang

 

S. syndactylus
(Raffles, 1821) 		Southeastern Asia
  		Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long[59]

Habitat: Forest[60]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[60] 		 EN 


Unknown  [60]

References

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