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List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes

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This is a list of the last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes, based on wanted lists published by Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. Beginning in 2002, Zuroff produced an Annual Status Report on the Worldwide Investigation and Prosecution of Nazi war criminals which from 2004 to 2018 included a list of the "most-wanted" criminals who had never been convicted.[1] Of those who have been charged for Nazi war crimes in the 21st century, many died awaiting trial, died during the appeals process, or died while waiting to be deported. Very few served actual prison time due to their advanced age which made their sentences (if any) symbolic. On the other hand, some listed here had all charges against them cleared after the fact.

Over 200,000 Nazis are estimated to have been perpetrators of Nazi-era crimes. Of these, roughly 140,000 cases were brought between 1945 and 2005. According to professor Mary Fulbrook, only 6,656 of them were ever convicted.[2] It remains unknown how many or if any legitimate Nazi fugitives remain today. The National WWII Museum reported in 2023 that those who served are now "in their 90s or older".[3] However, The Washington Post estimated in 2014 that the hunt for fugitives could possibly continue into the 2040s, citing the "age someone would have had to have been at the time" and "average life expectancy".[4]

Located

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Those marked in yellow are still living.

Name Position Date of birth Date of death Last residence Short summary
Rosemarie Albrecht [de] Aktion T4 19 March 1915 7 January 2008 Germany A former medical professor at the University of Jena, Albrecht was accused of killing a patient in 1941, as part of the Nazi euthanasia program which carried out mass killings of the mentally ill and physically disabled. She was further linked to the deaths of 159 people at a hospital in Stadtroda. In 2005, Albrecht was ruled unfit to stand trial. She died in 2008.[5][6][7]
Aksel Andersen [pl] Camp guard c.1925[8] Living Sweden A Danish foreign volunteer of the Waffen-SS, Andersen served as a guard in the Judenlager in Babruysk, Belarus during 1942 and 1943, when 1,400 Jewish inmates were killed. Danish authorities have refused to prosecute Andersen.[9][10][11]
Milivoj Ašner Police officer 21 April 1913 14 June 2011 Austria Ašner served as the police chief of Slavonska Požega, Croatia, and was accused of taking part in the persecution and deportation of hundreds of Serbs, Jews and Romani to concentration camps operated by the Ustaše. Ašner moved to Austria after the war. In 2005, Croatian authorities requested his extradition, which was refused on medical grounds. Ašner died in Klagenfurt in June 2011 at the age of 98.[12][13][14]
Heinrich Boere Waffen-SS 27 September 1921 1 December 2013 Germany Boere was a Dutch volunteer of Waffen-SS who saw action on the Eastern Front. As a member of the Silbertanne death squad, he took part in the killings of three Dutch civilians. He fled to Germany after the war and was sentenced to death in absentia by a Dutch court in 1949, which was later commuted to life imprisonment. German authorities refused to extradite him, but reopened the case in 2008 and convicted him in 2010, sentencing him to life in prison. He died on 1 December 2013 at the age of 92 while serving his life sentence in Fröndenberg.[15][16][17]
László Csizsik-Csatáry Hauptsturmführer 4 March 1915 10 August 2013 Hungary Csatáry was a Royal Hungarian Police officer based in Košice who organized the deportation of approximately 15,700 Jews to Auschwitz in 1944. He was convicted in absentia in Czechoslovakia and was sentenced to death. Csatáry fled to Canada after the war, but he had his citizenship revoked in 1997, after which he left the country. In 2011, Csatáry was discovered to be living in Budapest, and the following year he was charged with war crimes by Hungarian authorities. In 2013, a Slovak court commuted his death sentence to life imprisonment and sought his extradition. In the same year, courts in Hungary suspended his case on the grounds of double jeopardy. Csatáry died in August 2013 while awaiting trial, aged 98.[18][19][20]
Algimantas Dailidė Lithuanian Security Police 12 March 1921 2015 Germany Dailidė served in the Lithuanian Security Police (Saugumas) in Vilnius and took part in the persecution of Polish Jews in the Vilna Ghetto. He emigrated to the United States after the war and lived in Cleveland, Ohio, and Florida. Dailidė was stripped of his citizenship in the 1990s and deported to Germany in 2004, after which he settled in Kirchberg, Saxony. He was subsequently convicted of war crimes by a Vilnius court, but in 2008 was deemed unfit to serve time in prison due to his poor health. He died in 2015.[5][1][10][21][22]
Ivan Demjanjuk Camp guard 3 April 1920 12 March 2012 United States Born in Soviet Ukraine, Demjanjuk was conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1941 and was taken prisoner by the Germans in 1942. He served at the Trawniki SS training camp before becoming a guard at the Sobibor extermination camp, where he was accused of being an accessory to the murder of 27,900 Jews. He also served at additional camps including Majdanek. Demjanjuk moved to the United States after the war and settled in Cleveland, Ohio. He was denaturalized in 1981 and extradited to Israel, and in 1988 he was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death. The verdict was overturned by the Supreme Court of Israel in 1993 after new evidence cast doubt on his identity. Demjanjuk returned to the US and regained his citizenship, but was denaturalized a second time in 2002 when new allegations arose. He was extradited to Germany in 2009, convicted in 2011 and sentenced to five years in prison pending appeal. Demjanjuk died in March 2012 before his appeals could be completed, which in effect voided his prior conviction.[5][16][23]
Peter Egner Sicherheitsdienst 1 February 1922 26 January 2011 United States An ethnic German born in Yugoslavia, Egner served in the Sicherheitsdienst in Belgrade from 1941 to 1943, during which time the unit participated in the mass murder of more than 17,000 civilians. He also served in the Belgrade Einsatzgruppe and transported prisoners to Auschwitz, Semlin and Avala. Egner moved to the United States after the war and worked as a food and beverage manager. The United States Justice Department requested the revocation of his citizenship in 2008, and in 2010 Serbia requested his extradition. Egner died in January 2011 in Bellevue, Washington at the age of 88 while awaiting trial.[24][25]
Klaas Carel Faber Sicherheitsdienst 20 January 1922 24 May 2012 Germany Faber was a Dutch volunteer of the Waffen-SS and served in the Sonderkommando Feldmeijer, which targeted members of the Dutch resistance, opponents of Nazism and those who hid Jews. He was also alleged to have served in the firing squad at the Westerbork transit camp. Faber was sentenced to death in 1947 by a Dutch court for murder. His sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment, but in 1952 he escaped from prison and fled to Germany. Several attempts to extradite him were unsuccessful. In 2010, the Dutch government issued a European Arrest Warrant for Faber. German authorities supported his imprisonment, but Faber died in May 2012 in Ingolstadt before the motion could be enforced.[16][18][26]
Gregor Formanek [de] Camp guard 1924[27] Living Germany A Romania foreign volunteer of the Waffen-SS who had a German father, Formanek served in the Sachsenhausen Guard Battalion, at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, about 30 miles north of Berlin. Formanek, who was indicted in August 2023, is accused of aiding and abetting murder of over 3,300 Holocaust victims between July 1943 and February 1945.[27] Formanek could be the last of the Sachsenhausen camp supervisors to be tried, though it has been acknowledged that his ability to his stand trial is limited.[27] In June 2024, a German court ruled that Formanek was unfit to stand trial, though an appeal is likely.[28] Fornamek previously served only 10 years of a 25-year sentence in a Soviet prison.[28]
Kurt Gosdek Einsatzgruppe C Un­known 12 December 2021 Germany Gosdek served in Einsatzgruppe C and was accused of being involved in the massacre of tens of thousands of Jews in Ukraine, including at Babi Yar.[1][29] Gosdek was later found to be living in Northwestern Germany and denied any involvement. In an interview done in 2017 he stated that he "worked behind the lines repairing vehicles".[29] Kurt Gosdek was never charged with a crime as Efraim Zuroff reported his death on 12 December 2021.[30]
Oskar Gröning Bookkeeper 10 June 1921 9 March 2018 Germany Gröning served as a bookkeeper at the Auschwitz concentration camp from 1942 to 1944. In July 2015, he was found guilty of being an accessory to the murder of 300,000 people and sentenced to four years in prison. Gröning died in March 2018 at the age of 96, before he was set to begin his sentence.[31][32][33]
Reinhold Hanning Waffen-SS 28 December 1921 30 May 2017 Germany Hanning served as an SS guard at Auschwitz from January 1943 to June 1944 and was charged with accessory to murder in 170,000 cases.[9] He was convicted and sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment on 17 June 2016.[34] Hanning never served his sentence as he died on 30 May 2017, aged 95, while awaiting appeal.[35]
Wilhelm Karl Friedrich Hoffmeister Einsatzgruppe C Un­known 12 December 2021 Germany Hoffmeister served in Einsatzgruppe C and was accused of being involved in the massacre of tens of thousands of Jews in Ukraine, including at Babi Yar.[1][36] On 12 December 2021, Efraim Zuroff reported that Hoffmeister had died.[37]
Yaroslav Hunka 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) March 19, 1925 Living Canada Hunka is a Waffen SS veteran whose unit is implicated in the Huta Pieniacka massacre. Representatives of both Poland and Russia have expressed their desire for Hunka to be extradited and stand trial for war crimes.[38][39][40][41][42][43]
Ivan (John) Kalymon Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 1921 29 March 2007 United States Kalymon served in the Nazi-led Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in Lviv from 1941 to 1944, during which time he took part in the murder and deportation of Jews in the Lwów Ghetto. Kalymon moved to the United States after the war, but had his citizenship revoked in 2007. He died near Detroit, Michigan, in 2014 at the age of 93 while awaiting extradition to Germany.[13][44][18][45]
Søren Kam Obersturmführer 2 November 1921 23 March 2015 Germany A Danish volunteer officer of the SS Wiking Division, Kam took part in the murder of Danish anti-Nazi newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen. Denmark requested his extradition in 1999, which Germany refused. A subsequent request in 2007 was again refused, due to a German court finding that the killing of Clemmensen was manslaughter, the statute of limitations of which had expired. Kam died in Kempten in 2015 at the age of 93.[46][44][47]
Michael Karkoc Waffen-SS 6 March 1919 14 December 2019 United States Karkoc was an officer in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion, which is accused of murdering Polish civilians in Chłaniów in July 1944. His unit was also involved in the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising. Karkoc went on to serve in the Waffen-SS Galician Division. He moved to the United States after the war, settling in Minneapolis. Karkoc's background was uncovered in a 2013 report by the Associated Press, prompting investigations in Germany and Poland. German authorities closed his case in 2015 after they deemed Karkoc unfit to stand trial. He died in Minneapolis on 14 December 2019 at the age of 100.[1][48][49]
Vladimir Katriuk Schutzmannschaft 1 October 1921 22 May 2015 Canada A former commander of the Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118, Katriuk was accused to taking part in the 1943 Khatyn massacre, as well as murdering Jews and non-Jews in various locations across Belarus. He later defected and joined the French Foreign Legion, before deserting and fleeing to Canada after the war. The Government of Canada began proceedings to revoke his citizenship in the 1990s, but decided against revocation in 2007, due to a lack of evidence. Katriuk died in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield in May 2015 at the age of 93.[18][31][50][51]
Sándor Képíró Gendarmerie 18 February 1914 3 September 2011 Hungary Képíró was an officer of the Hungarian gendarmerie who was accused of organizing the mass murder of over a thousand Jewish, Serb and Roma civilians in Novi Sad, Serbia in January 1942. He was convicted of war crimes in Hungary in 1944 but was not punished. In 1946 he was again convicted in Hungary in absentia. Képíró moved to Argentina after the war, returning to Hungary in 1996. A new trial was opened against him in 2011. He was acquitted due to insufficient evidence in July, and died in September in Budapest at the age of 97.[46][13][52]
Helma Kissner Waffen-SS 23 December 1923 Living Germany Kissner served as a radio operator at the Auschwitz concentration camp from April to July 1944 and was charged with accessory to murder in 260,000 cases.[9][53][54] She was ruled unfit to stand trial on 9 September 2016 by a court in Kiel.[55]
Samuel Kunz Camp guard 1921 18 November 2010 Germany Born in Russia to a Volga German family, Kunz served in the Red Army and was captured by the Germans. He then served at the Trawniki SS training camp before serving as an SS guard at the Belzec extermination camp, where he was accused of participating in the mass murder of Jews. Kunz worked as a civil servant after the war. He was indicted in July 2010, but died in November in Bonn at the age of 89 before he could be brought to trial.[24][56]
Hans (Antanus) Lipschis Camp guard 7 November 1919 16 June 2016 Germany Lipschis served as a guard at the Auschwitz concentration camp from 1941 to 1945. He emigrated to the United States after the war and lived Chicago until his deportation to Germany in 1983.[19][44] Lipschis was arrested in 2013,[57] but was later found unfit to stand trial due to dementia.[58] He died in Aalen in 2016 at the age of 96.[59]
Harry Männil Police officer 17 May 1920 11 January 2010 Venezuela Männil served in the Estonian political police during the first year of the German occupation and was accused of arresting Jews and communists who were subsequently executed by the Nazis. He moved to Venezuela after the war and became a highly successful businessman and philanthropist. Estonian authorities opened an investigation against Männil in 2001, but later cleared him of all charges. He relocated to Costa Rica and died in San José in January 2010 at the age of 89.[5][15][16][60]
Adam Nagorny Camp guard Un­known 2011 Germany Nagorny served as an SS guard at the Trawniki SS training camp and the Treblinka extermination camp. He was accused of taking part in executions at Treblinka. Investigations against Nagorny opened in early 2011, but he died later in the year.[13][18]
Ladislav Nižňanský [de] Edelweiss 24 October 1917 23 December 2011 Germany Nižňanský served as the commander of an "Edelweiss" unit that hunted Jews and partisans in Slovakia. He was accused of being involved in the massacre of 146 people in two villages and the later killing of 18 Jewish civilians. Nižňanský moved to Germany after the war and was sentenced to death in absentia by a Czechoslovak court in 1962. He was tried in 2005 and acquitted by a German court due to a lack of reliable evidence. Nižňanský died in December 2011.[5][12][61][62]
Helmut Oberlander Einsatzgruppe D 15 February 1924 20 September 2021 Canada Oberlander served in Einsatzkommando 10A (part of Einsatzgruppe D), which murdered an estimated 23,000 mostly Jewish civilians in Ukraine. He moved to Canada after the war, settling in Waterloo, Ontario where he worked as a real-estate developer. Beginning in 1995, the Government of Canada made several attempts to revoke Oberlander's citizenship and have him deported. Oberlander died in Waterloo, Ontario on 10 September 2021 at the age of 97 before a successful attempt could be made.[63]
Jakiw "Jakob" Palij Draftsman 16 August 1923 10 January 2019 United States Born in a Ukrainian village in the Second Polish Republic, Palij volunteered for the SS and served as a guard at the Trawniki SS training camp. He moved to the United States after the war, settling in Queens, New York City. Palij was identified as a camp guard in 1993 and had his US citizenship revoked in 2003, rendering him stateless. He was deported to Germany in August 2018 after a 14-year deportation battle. Palij died in January 2019 in Ahlen at the age of 95.[9][1][64][65]
Lajos Polgár Arrow Cross Party 1916 12 July 2006 Australia Polgár was a high-ranking member of the Hungarian Arrow Cross Party and briefly served as chief of its Budapest headquarters, where Jews were jailed and tortured. He moved to Australia after the war. Australian and Hungarian authorities opened investigations in the 2000s but did not obtain sufficient evidence against him. Polgár died in Ferntree Gully in July 2006 at the age of 89.[66][67]
Jack Reimer Camp guard 6 November 1918 3 August 2005 United States Born to German Mennonite parents in Ukraine, Reimer was conscripted into the Soviet Red Army and was captured by the Germans in 1941. He served as a guard at the Trawniki SS training camp and was accused of taking part in the murder of Polish Jews. He moved to the United States after the war and became a businessman. Reimer was denaturalized in 2002, but died in Pennsylvania in 2005 before he could be deported.[5][12][68]
Johann Robert Riss [pl] Wehrmacht 1921 10 October 2019 Germany Riss took part in the August 1944 Padule di Fucecchio massacre, where 184 civilians were murdered. In 2011, the military court in Rome found him guilty in absentia and sentenced him to life in prison; Germany has declined to extradite Riss.[31][9][10] He died on 10 October 2019 in Kaufbeuren, at the age of 98.[69]
Nada Šakić [de] Camp guard Un­known 2011 Croatia The wife of Croatian Ustaše officer and Jasenovac commander Dinko Šakić, Nada Šakić served as a guard at the nearby Stara Gradiška concentration camp and was accused of taking part in the torture and murder of inmates. The Šakićs fled to Argentina at the end of the war but were extradited back to Croatia in 1998. Charges against Nada Šakić were later dropped due to insufficient evidence. She died in February 2011 at the age of 85.[5][70][71][72]
Josef Schütz Rottenführer 16 November 1920 13 April 2023 Germany Josef Schütz, known in the German press as Josef S.,[73] was a Lithuanian-born German Nazi concentration camp guard who was stationed at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In June 2022, at the age of 101, Schütz was handed a five year sentence after a criminal trial for complicity in war crimes during the Holocaust during World War II, becoming the oldest person tried and convicted for Nazi war crimes in Germany.
Gerhard Sommer Untersturmführer 24 June 1921 2019 Germany Sommer served in the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division and was accused of taking part in the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre in 1944. He was found guilty in absentia by a military court in La Spezia in 2005, but Germany refused to extradite him. German authorities reopened his case in 2014. In May 2015, he was declared unfit for trial due to severe dementia.[13][31][10][74][18] He died in 2019.[75]
Alfred Stork [it] Gebirgsjäger 1923 28 October 2018 Germany Stork was a former corporal of the Gebirgsjäger who took part in the September 1943 mass murder of 120 Italian officers in Cephalonia, Greece, as part of the Massacre of the Acqui Division.[31][9] He was convicted in absentia in 2013 by the military court of Rome and sentenced to life in prison, but Germany refused to extradite him.[76][10] In 2021, it became known that he died on 28 October 2018.[77]
Adolf Storms Wehrmacht 1920 28 June 2010 Germany Storms was an SS sergeant accused of taking part in the massacre of 60 Jewish forced laborers in Deutsch Schützen, Austria in March 1945. He worked as a train station manager after the war. In 2009, Storms was charged by a German court for his alleged participation in the massacre. He died in June 2010 in Duisburg at the age of 90 while awaiting trial.[24][78]
Theodor Szehinskyj Camp guard 14 February 1924 2014 United States Szehinskyj served as a guard of the SS-Totenkopfverbände at the Gross-Rosen, Sachsenhausen and Warsaw concentration camps. He moved to the United States after the war and settled in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Szehinskyj had his U.S. citizenship revoked in 2000. He was ordered deported in 2003, but remained in the country until his death in 2014.[19][44][79][80]
Herbert Wahler Einsatzgruppe C 10 December 1921 Living Germany Wahler served in Einsatzgruppe C and was accused of being involved in the massacre of tens of thousands of Jews in Ukraine, including at Babi Yar.[1][81] In March 2020, the public prosecutor's office in Kassel announced that Wahler would not face charges due to a lack of evidence.[82]
Erna Wallisch Camp guard 10 February 1922 16 February 2008 Austria Wallisch was a guard at the Majdanek concentration camp and was accused of being involved in the murder of inmates. She had previously been a warden at Ravensbrück, and settled in Austria after the war. Investigations in the 1970s were dropped due to a lack of evidence, and Austrian authorities had declined to prosecute her, citing statute of limitations. The case was reopened in 2008 following new testimony from Poland. Wallisch died in Vienna in February 2008, aged 86.[66][46][83][84]
Helmut Rasbol [pl] / X (unnamed) Foreign volunteer 2 January 1925 15 January 2022 Denmark Born Helmuth Leif Rasmussen, Rasbol joined the Waffen-SS as a foreign volunteer following the German invasion of Denmark in 1940 and later served as a guard in the Judenlager ("Jewish camp") in Babruysk, Belarus, during 1942 and 1943, when 1,400 Jewish inmates were killed.[31][9][10] In November 2016, the Danish chief prosecutor announced that Rasbol would not face charges due to a lack of evidence.[85] He died on 15 January 2022.[86]
Hubert Zafke Nazi medic 26 September 1920 5 July 2018 Germany Zafke served as a medic at Auschwitz during 1943 and 1944 and was charged with accessory to murder in 3,681 cases.[9] Zafke's trial began in February 2016 but was repeatedly postponed due to his failing health, and in September 2017 he was eventually deemed unfit to stand trial due to dementia.[87] Zafke died in 2018 at the age of 97.
Karoly (Charles) Zentai Warrant officer 8 October 1921 13 December 2017 Australia Zentai, a former soldier in the Royal Hungarian Army, was accused of taking part in manhunts, persecution, and murder of Jews in Budapest in 1944. In particular, he was accused of having beaten Péter Balázs, an 18-year-old Jewish teenager, to death for not wearing his yellow star. Zentai emigrated to Australia after the war. In 2005, Hungary issued an international arrest warrant against Zentai and requested his extradition. After a prolonged legal fight, the High Court of Australia ruled in 2012 that he could not be extradited, as the offense of "war crime" did not exist in Hungary in 1944. Zentai died in January 2018 in Perth at the age of 96.[12][18][88]

Never located alive

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Name Position Date of birth Date of death Last known residence Short summary
Petras Bernotavičius (Peter Bernes) Un­known Un­known Un­known
Lithuania
 Bernatavicius was deputy to the Nazi-appointed mayor of Kupiškis, Lithuania, and was accused of organizing the killing of more than 1,000 Jews in Kupiškis in 1941. He moved to the United States after the war but fled to Lithuania in 2002, shortly before his US citizenship was revoked.[5] Petras was not mentioned on the most wanted Nazi fugitive list when it was last updated in 2018.[1]
Alois Brunner Hauptsturmführer 8 April 1912 2001
Syria
 The former assistant of Adolf Eichmann, Brunner was responsible for the deportation of over 100,000 Jews to Nazi death camps in Eastern Europe. He fled Germany at the end of the war for Egypt, then moved to Syria, where he lived for decades under Syrian protection and escaped multiple manhunts and investigations. Brunner was last seen in 2001 but his fate remained unconfirmed until 2014, when it was reported that he had died in Syria.[5][13][19][89]
Mikhail Gorshkow Gestapo 1923 2013
Estonia
 Born in Estonia, Gorshkow served as an interpreter and interrogator for the Gestapo in Belarus and was accused of taking part in the massacre of 3,000 Jews in Slutsk. In 2002, it was reported that a man with the surname "Gorshkow" fled to the United States after the war but was denaturalized, and moved to Estonia. Estonian authorities closed the case against Gorshkow in 2011, claiming that his identity could not be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Of issue was the possibility that more than one person with the surname Gorshkow collaborated with the Nazis. Gorshkow later died sometime in 2013.[5][19][44][90]
Aribert Heim Hauptsturmführer 28 June 1914 10 August 1992
Egypt
 Heim was a doctor at the Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps. Known as "Dr. Death", Heim killed and tortured inmates at Mauthausen through various cruel methods. He fled Germany in 1962 when he was outed as a war criminal. Heim's whereabouts remained unclear, although in 2009 it was reported that he had been living in Egypt and had died in Cairo in 1992, which was confirmed by a court in Baden-Baden. The Simon Wiesenthal Center disputed the finding and Heim remained on Nazi fugitive list until 2013.[66][19][91]
Y (unnamed) unknown unknown unknown
Germany
 The unnamed person was accused of being accessory to the murder of Hungarian Jews in Auschwitz.[31] They were not mentioned on the most wanted Nazi fugitive list when it was last updated in 2018.[1]
Z (unnamed) unknown unknown unknown
Norway
 The unnamed person was accused of murdering Jews in various locations in Poland and Ukraine.[31] They were not mentioned on the most wanted Nazi fugitive list when it was last updated in 2018.[1]

See also

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References

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  22. ^ "Algimantas M Dailide". Billion Graves.
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  25. ^ Myers, Laura L. (31 January 2011). "Accused Nazi dies just before U.S. citizenship trial". Reuters. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  26. ^ "Nazi war criminal Klaas Carel Faber dies in Germany". BBC. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
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  34. ^ "Former Auschwitz guard Reinhold Hanning convicted". BBC. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  35. ^ The Associated Press (1 June 2017). "Reinhold Hanning, convicted former Auschwitz guard, dies in Germany at 95". National Post. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
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