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List of conflicts by duration

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This article is a list of conflicts by duration, including both historical and current conflicts.

List

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War or conflict Start date End date Duration
Reconquista 718 1492 774 years
Anglo-French Wars 1109 1815 706 years
Roman–Persian Wars 54 BC 628 681 years
Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 680 1355 675 years
Roman-Germanic wars 113 BC 476 588 years[1]
Arab–Byzantine wars 629 1180 551 years
Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval) 818 1330 512 years
Russo-Caucasian Conflict 1550 Ongoing 474 years
Yaqui Wars 1533 1929 396 years
Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts 1538 1911 373 years
Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts 1415 1769 354 years
Russo-Turkish wars 1568 1918 350 years
Arauco War 1536 1883 347 years
Dano-Swedish wars 1470 1814 344 years
Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War 1651 1986 335 years, 2 weeks and 4 days
Spanish–Moro conflict 1565 1898 333 years
Apache–Mexico Wars 1600 1915 315 years
American Indian Wars 1609 1924 315 years[citation needed]
Ottoman–Persian Wars 1514 1823 309 years
Burmese-Siamese wars 1547 1855 308 years
Tikal-Calakmul wars 537 838 301 years
Han–Xiongnu War 200 BC 91 290 years
Navajo Wars 1600 1866 266 years
Ottoman–Habsburg wars 1526 1791 265 years
Byzantine–Seljuk wars 1048 1308 260 years[citation needed]
Anglo-Scottish Wars 1296 1547 251 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
Chechen–Russian conflict 1785 2017 232 years, 9 months, 1 week and 4 days
Warring States period 453 BC 223 BC 230 years
Muslim conquests of Afghanistan 642 870 228 years
Polish-Russian Wars 1577 1794 217 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
Byzantine–Ottoman wars 1265 1479 214 years[citation needed]
Polish–Teutonic War 1308 1521 213 years
Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 218 BC 19 BC 199 years
Russian conquest of Siberia 1580 1778 198 years
Crusades 1096 1291 194 years, 9 months and 3 days
Cossack uprisings 1591 1775 184 years
Byzantine–Lombard wars 568 751 183 years
Russo-Persian Wars 1651 1828 177 years
Spanish conquest of Guatemala 1524 1697 173 years
Huéscar-Danish war 1809 1981 172 years
Spanish conquest of Chiapas 1523 1695 172 years
Genoese–Mongol Wars 1307 1478 171 years
Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 1368 1537 169 years
Mughal–Sikh wars 1621 1788 167 years
Ottoman–Hungarian wars 1366 1526 160 years
Polish–Swedish wars 1563 1721 158 years
Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652 1810 158 years
Sengoku period 1467 1615 148 years
Australian frontier wars 1788 1934 146 years
Hook and Cod wars 1350 1490 140 years
Mongol invasions and conquests 1206 1337 131 years
Chola-Chalakya Wars 992 1120 128 years
Early Muslim conquests 622 750 128 years
Second Hundred Years' War 1689 1815 126 years
Punic Wars 264 BC 146 BC 118 years
Hundred Years' War 1337 1453 116 years[2]
Russo-Kazan Wars 1437 1552 115 years
Norwegian civil wars 1130 1240 110 years
Jin–Song Wars 1125 1234 109 years
Seleucid–Parthian Wars 238 BC 129 BC 109 years
Crisis of the Roman Republic 135 BC 27 BC 108 years
Tuareg rebellions 1916 Ongoing 108 years
Kurdish separatism in Iran 1918 Ongoing 106 years
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1919 Ongoing 105 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 6 days
Georgian–Seljuk wars 1099 1203 104 years
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars 459 562 103 years
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey 6 March 1921 Ongoing 103 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
Russo-Circassian War 1763 1864 100 years, 10 months and 4 days
Xhosa Wars 1779 1879 100 years
Zemene Mesafint 1755 1855 100 years
Xinjiang conflict 1931 Ongoing 93 years
Beaver Wars 1609 1701 92 years
Afghan–Sikh Wars 1751 1837 86 years
Dagohoy rebellion 24 January 1744 31 August 1829 85 years, 7 months and 1 week
Anglo-Afghan War 1839 1919 80 years
Eighty Years' War 1568 1648 80 years[3]
Spanish conquest of Petén 1618 1697 79 years
Korean conflict 15 August 1945 Ongoing 79 years, 3 months and 6 days
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 673 751 78 years
Anglo-Ashanti wars 1823 1900 77 years
Umayyad conquest of Hispania 711 788 77 years
Rohingya insurgency 1947 Ongoing 77 years
Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 22 October 1947 Ongoing 77 years, 4 weeks and 2 days
Kashmir conflict 22 October 1947 Ongoing 77 years, 4 weeks and 2 days
Ethiopian-Somali wars 1948 Ongoing 76 years
Insurgency in Balochistan 1948 Ongoing 76 years
Internal conflict in Myanmar 2 April 1948 Ongoing 76 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 5 days
Arab–Israeli conflict 15 May 1948 Ongoing 76 years, 6 months and 6 days
Muslim conquest of Sicily June 827 August 902 75 years and 2 months
Apache Wars 1849 1924 75 years
Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 1949 Ongoing 75 years
Karen conflict 1949 Ongoing 75 years[4]
French conquest of Algeria 1830 1903 73 years
Dzungar–Qing Wars 1687 1758 71 years
Jewish–Roman wars 66 136 70 years
Argentine Civil Wars 1814 1880 66 years
Italian Wars 1494 1559 65 years
Darfur Wars of Succession 1722 1786 64 years
South Thailand insurgency 1960 Ongoing 64 years
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 647 709 62 years
Papua conflict 1962 Ongoing 62 years
Cross border attacks in Sabah 1962 Ongoing 62 years
Insurgency in Northeast India 1963 Ongoing 61 years
Sixty Years' War 1754 1814 60 years
Dutch–Portuguese War 1598 1663 65 years
Lelantine War 710 BC 650 BC 60 years
Colombian conflict 1964 Ongoing 60 years
Insurgency in Manipur 24 November 1964 Ongoing 59 years, 11 months and 4 weeks
Israeli–Lebanese conflict 14 May 1948 August 18, 2006 58 years, 3 months and 4 days
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 18 May 1967 Ongoing 57 years, 6 months and 3 days
Texas–Indian wars 1820 1875 55 years
Civil conflict in the Philippines 29 March 1969 Ongoing 55 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Western Sahara conflict 1970 Ongoing 54 years
Basque conflict 31 July 1959 20 October 2011 52 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 6 days
Bulgarian–Ottoman wars 1344 1396 52 years
Galicia–Volhynia Wars 1340 1392 52 years
Communist insurgency in Burma 1939 1989 50 years
Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria 968 1018 50 years
Greco-Persian Wars 499 BC 449 BC 50 years[5]
Moro conflict 29 March 1969 22 February 2019 49 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days
Comanche–Mexico Wars 1821 1870 49 years
Whisky War 17 December 1973 14 June 2022 48 years, 5 months and 4 weeks
Cabinda War 8 November 1975 Ongoing 49 years, 1 week and 6 days
Wars of the Diadochi 322 BC 275 BC 47 years[6]
Caucasian War 1817 1864 47 years
Afghanistan conflict 27 April 1978 Ongoing 46 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 4 days[citation needed]
Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) 27 November 1978 Ongoing 45 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Cold War (Indirect War) (outline) 1946 1991 45 years
Chadian Civil Wars 1965 2010 45 years
Assam separatist movements 1979 Ongoing 45 years
Kongo Civil War 1665 1709 44 years
Internal conflict in Peru 17 May 1980 Ongoing 44 years, 6 months and 4 days
Maoist insurgency in Turkey 12 September 1980 Ongoing 44 years, 2 months, 1 week and 2 days
Sino-Dutch conflicts 1620 1662 42 years
Thirty-Eight Years' War 770 811 41 years[citation needed]
Umayyad invasion of Gaul 719 759 40 years
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1532 1572 40 years
Chichimeca War 1550 1590 40 years
Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts 1918 1958 40 years
Comanche Wars 1836 1875 39 years
Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict 1976 2015 39 years
Guatemalan Civil War 13 November 1960 29 December 1996 36 years, 1 month, 2 weeks and 2 days[7]
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 1987 Ongoing 37 years
French Wars of Religion 1562 1598 36 years
Banana Wars 1898 1934 36 years
Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610 1646 36 years
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 20 February 1988 1 January 2024 35 years, 10 months, 1 week and 5 days
Holy Man's Rebellion 1901 1936 35 years
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 1989 Ongoing 35 years
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict 1989 Ongoing 35 years
Georgian–Ossetian conflict 1989 Ongoing 35 years
Sectarianism in Pakistan 1989 Ongoing 35 years
Internal conflict in Bangladesh 1989 Ongoing 35 years
DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey 1 April 1990 2022 31 years and 9 months
Ayutthaya-Lan Na War 1441 1474 33 years
Somali Civil War May 1991[nb 1] Ongoing 33 years and 6 months
Wars of the Roses 1455 1487 32 years[15]
First War of Scottish Independence 1296 1328 32 years[16]
Casamance conflict 1982 2014 32 years
Anglo-Mysore Wars 1767 1799 32 years
Libyan resistance movement 1911 1943 32 years
Second Viking invasion of the British Isles 980 1012 32 years
Insurgency in Laos 3 December 1975 2008 32 years
Oromo conflict 1992 Ongoing 32 years
Aceh War 1873 1904 31 years[17]
Āfāqī Khoja Holy War 1826 1857 31 years
The Troubles 1968 1998 30 years
Thirty Years' War 1618 1648 30 years[18]
Chiapas conflict 1994 2014 30 years
Eritrean War of Independence 1 September 1961 29 May 1991 29 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Norman Conquest of Sicily May 1061 February 1091 29 years and 9 months
Murid War 1830 1859 29 years
Insurgency in Aceh 4 December 1976 15 August 2005 28 years, 8 months, 1 week and 4 days
Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1 March 1920 15 May 1948 28 years, 2 months and 2 weeks
Portuguese Restoration War 1640 1668 28 years[19]
Nicaraguan Revolution 1962 1990 28 years
FULRO insurgency 20 September 1964 October 1992 28 years
Insurgency in Meghalaya 1996 Ongoing 28 years
Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 1996 Ongoing 28 years
Communist insurgency in Sarawak December 1962 3 November 1990 27 years, 11 months and 2 days
Peloponnesian War 431 BC 404 BC 27 years[20]
New Zealand Wars 1845 1872 27 years
Angolan Civil War 1975 2002 27 years[21]
Russo-Finnish wars 27 January 1918 19 September 1944 26 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1998 Ongoing 26 years
Communal conflicts in Nigeria 1998 Ongoing 26 years
Sri Lankan Civil War 23 July 1983 18 May 2009 25 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Mughal–Maratha Wars September 1681 May 1707 25 years and 8 months
Livonian War 1558 1583 25 years[22]
Spanish American wars of independence 1808 1833 25 years
Insurgency in Ogaden February 22, 1994 August 12, 2018 24 years, 5 months and 3 weeks
Indonesian occupation of East Timor 7 December 1975 31 October 1999 23 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days
South African Border war 26 August 1966 21 March 1990 24 years
First Punic War 264 BC 241 BC 23 years
Second Afar insurgency 1995 July 18, 2018 23 years
Silesian Wars 1740 1763 23 years
War on terror 14 September 2001 Ongoing[23] 23 years, 2 months and 1 week
Laotian Civil War 9 November 1953 2 December 1975 22 years, 3 weeks and 2 days
Second Sudanese Civil War 1983 2005 22 years
Italian Unification Wars 1848 1870 22 years
Occupation of Araucanía 1861 1883 22 years
Norman conquest of England 1066 1088 22 years
Kandyan Wars 1796 1818 22 years
Little War in Hungary 1530 1552 22 years
Chinese Civil War 1 August 1927 7 December 1949 22 years
Insurgency in the Maghreb 11 April 2002 Ongoing 22 years, 7 months, 1 week and 3 days
Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989) 17 June 1968 2 December 1989 21 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
United States occupation of Nicaragua 1912 1933 21 years
Lazic War 541 562 21 years
Great Northern War 1700 1721 21 years[24]
Ottoman conquest of Habesh 1557 1578 21 years
Muslim conquest of Persia 633 654 21 years
Conflict in the Niger Delta 2003 Ongoing 21 years
War in Darfur 26 February 2003 Ongoing 21 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 5 days
Eumeralla Wars 1840 1860 20 years
War of the Sicilian Vespers 1282 1302 20 years
Somaliland campaign 1900 1920 20 years
Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977 2 December 1997 20 years
Kivu conflict 2004 Ongoing 20 years
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 2004 Ongoing 20 years
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 16 March 2004 Ongoing 20 years, 8 months and 5 days
Iran–PJAK conflict 1 April 2004 Ongoing 20 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 6 days
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 7 October 2001 15 August 2021 19 years, 10 months, 1 week and 1 day
Vietnam War (outline) 1 November 1955 30 April 1975 19 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day[25]
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 572 591 19 years
Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) 1854 1873 19 years
Gothic War 535 554 19 years[citation needed]
Insurgency in Paraguay 27 August 2005 Ongoing 19 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Jeroboam's Revolt 931 BC 913 BC 18 years
Communist insurgency in Thailand 1965 1983 18 years
Basmachi movement 1916 1934 18 years
Mahdist War 1881 1899 18 years
Second Punic War 218 BC 201 BC 17 years
Ethiopian Civil War 12 September 1974 4 June 1991 16 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
First Sudanese Civil War 18 August 1955 27 March 1972 16 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days
Bolivian War of Independence 1809 1825 16 years
Chilean War of Independence 1810 1826 16 years
Western Sahara War 30 October 1975 6 September 1991 15 years, 10 months and 1 week
Great Turkish War 14 July 1683 26 January 1699 15 years, 6 months, 1 week and 5 days
Lebanese Civil War 13 April 1975 13 October 1990 15 years and 6 months
Rhodesian Bush War 4 July 1964 12 December 1979 15 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day
Morean War 1684 1699 15 years
Jewish–Babylonian War 601 BC 586 BC 15 years
Cambodian–Vietnamese War 30 April 1977 23 October 1991 14 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Third Indochina War 1978 1992 14 years
Dhofar Rebellion 1962 1976 14 years
Years of Lead (Italy) 1968 1982 14 years
Taiping Rebellion 1850 1864 14 years
Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 1686 1700 14 years
Abyssinian–Adal war 1529 1543 14 years
Marcomannic Wars 166 180 14 years
Second Sino-Japanese War 18 September 1931 9 September 1945 13 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 1 day
Portuguese Colonial War 4 February 1961 25 April 1974 13 years, 2 months and 3 weeks
Darul Islam rebellion August 1949 September 1962 13 years, 3 weeks and 5 days
War of the Spanish Succession 9 July 1702 11 July 1715 13 years and 2 days
Peruvian War of Independence 1811 1824 13 years
Venezuelan War of Independence 1810 1823 13 years
Wars of Alexander the Great 336 BC 323 BC 13 years
Syrian civil war 15 March 2011 Ongoing 13 years, 8 months and 6 days
Napoleonic Wars 18 May 1803 20 November 1815 12 years, 6 months and 2 days[26]
Burundian Civil War 21 October 1993 15 April 2006 12 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
Haitian Revolution 21 August 1791 1 January 1804 12 years, 4 months, 1 week and 4 days
Malayan Emergency 16 June 1948 12 July 1960 12 years, 3 weeks and 5 days
Salvadoran Civil War 15 October 1979 16 January 1992 12 years, 3 months and 1 day
Iraqi no-fly zones conflict 1991 2003 12 years
Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639 1651 12 years
Cimbrian War 113 BC 101 BC 12 years
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991) 1979 1991 12 years
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 23 January 1963 10 September 1974 11 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 4 days
Queen Anne's War March 8, 1702 July 13, 1713 11 years, 4 months and 5 days
Mexican War of Independence 16 September 1810 27 September 1821 11 years, 1 week and 4 days
Dano-Swedish War 1501 1512 11 years
Pool Department insurgency 1997 2008 11 years
Insurgency in Punjab 1984 1995 11 years
Sierra Leone Civil War 23 March 1991 18 January 2002 10 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 5 days
Nepalese Civil War 13 February 1996 21 November 2006 10 years, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day
Houthi insurgency in Yemen 18 June 2004 6 February 2015 10 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 5 days
Yugoslav Wars 31 March 1991 12 November 2001 10 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days
Algerian Civil War 26 December 1991 8 February 2002 10 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days
Somaliland War of Independence 6 April 1981 18 May 1991 10 years, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days
Russo-Ukrainian War 20 February 2014 Ongoing 10 years, 9 months and 1 day
Yemeni Civil War 16 September 2014 Ongoing 10 years, 2 months and 5 days
Soviet–Afghan War 24 December 1979 15 February 1989 9 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 1 day
Iraq War 20 March 2003 15 December 2011 8 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 4 days
American Revolutionary War 19 April 1775 3 September 1783 8 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
Aksumite-Persian wars 570 578 8 years
Iran–Iraq War 22 September 1980 20 August 1988 7 years, 10 months, 4 weeks and 1 day
War of the Austrian Succession 16 December 1740 18 October 1748 7 years, 10 months and 2 days
World War II 1 September 1939 2 September 1945 6 years and 1 day
Jebel Akhdar War 30 January 1954 10 October 1959 5 years, 8 months, 1 week and 3 days
Paraguayan War 1864 1870 5 years, 3 months, 2 weeks and 2 days
Second Congo War 2 August 1998 18 June 2003 4 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 2 days
Russian Civil War 7 November 1917 16 June 1923 4 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days
World War I (outline) 28 July 1914 11 November 1918 4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks
American Civil War (outline) 12 April 1861 9 April 1865 3 years, 11 months and 4 weeks
Philippine-American War 4 February 1899 July 2, 1902 3 years, 3 months, 4 weeks and 1 day
War of Attrition 1 July 1967 7 August 1970 3 years, 1 month and 6 days
Spanish Civil War 17 July 1936 1 April 1939 2 years, 9 months, 2 weeks and 1 day
War of 1812 18 June 1812 17 February 1815 2 years, 8 months, 4 weeks and 2 days
Nigerian Civil War 6 July 1967 15 January 1970 2 years, 7 months, 1 week and 2 days
Crimean War 16 October 1853 30 March 1856 2 years, 5 months and 2 weeks
Tigray War 3 November 2020 3 November 2022 2 years
War of the Polish Succession 10 October 1733 3 October 1735 1 year, 11 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Mexican-American War 25 April 1846 2 February 1848 1 year, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day
Toyota War 16 December 1986 11 September 1987 8 months, 3 weeks and 5 days
Gulf War 2 August 1990 28 February 1991 6 months, 3 weeks and 5 days
Spanish-American War 21 April 1898 13 August 1898 3 months, 3 weeks and 2 days
Insurgency of Ilinden–Preobrazhenie 2 August 1903 November 1903 2 or 3 months
Falklands War 2 April 1982 14 June 1982 2 months, 1 week and 5 days
Ten-Day war 27 June 1991 7 July 1991 1 month
Austro-Prussian War June 14, 1866 July 22, 1866 1 month, 1 week and 1 day
Turkish-Cypriot War of 1974 20 July 1974 18 August 1974 4 weeks and 1 day
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 3 December 1971 16 December 1971 1 week and 6 days
Russo-Georgian War 1 August 2008 12 August 2008 1 week and 4 days
Six Day War 5 June 1967 10 June 1967 6 days
Football War 14 July 1969 18 July 1969 4 days
Wagner Group rebellion 23 June 2023 24 June 2023 1 day
2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 19 September 2023 (13:17) 20 September 2023 (13:00) 23 hours 43 minutes
2008 Invasion of Anjoun 25 March 2008 (05:00) 25 March 2008 (12:00) 7 hours
Anglo-Zanzibar war 27 August 1896 (09:02) 27 August 1896 (09:40) 38 minutes

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. The Central Bank of Somalia,[8] the United Nations,[9][10] the US Office of the Secretary of Defense,[11] and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of the Siad Barre administration.[12] Political scientist James Fearon argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armed Isaaq clan militias began to launch small-scale attacks against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town of Hargeisa in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, on the grounds that the fighting had begun previously, but that a major party to the conflict was defeated.[13] Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectively begun by 1987", referring to Compagnon.[14]

References

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  1. ^ McKitterick, Rosamond; Collins, R. (1990). The New Cambridge Medieval. History 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 9780521362924. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  2. ^ Corrigan, Gordon (2014). Great and glorious adventure : a history of the hundred years war and the birth of renaissance... [S.l.]: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1605985794.
  3. ^ Hart, Marjolein 't (2011). Dutch wars of independence : the eighty years struggle, 1566–1648. [S.l.]: Longman. ISBN 978-0582209671.
  4. ^ Charney, Michael W. (2009). A history of modern Burma (1. publ.3. print. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521617581.
  5. ^ Green, Peter (1996). The Greco-Persian wars ([Repr.]. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 0520205731.
  6. ^ Romm, James (2012). Ghost on the throne : the death of Alexander the Great and the war for crown and empire (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307271648.
  7. ^ Chauche, Victor Perera; photographs by Daniel (1995). Unfinished conquest : the Guatemalan tragedy. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520203496.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Board of Directors". Central Bank of Somalia. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  9. ^ "UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  10. ^ "Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background". United Nations. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  11. ^ "Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration". US Office of the Secretary of Defense. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  12. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  13. ^ Fearon, James D. (2004). "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (3): 275–301. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.19.3818. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770. S2CID 7158376.
  14. ^ Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012". Defense & Security Analysis. 32 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122. S2CID 156874430.
  15. ^ Jones, Dan (2014). Wars of the roses : the fall of the plantagenets and the rise of the tudors. [S.l.]: Viking. ISBN 978-0670026678.
  16. ^ Traquair, Peter (1998). Freedoms̓ sword. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0004720792.
  17. ^ Martinkus, John (2004). Indonesia's secret war in Aceh (1. publ. ed.). Milsons Point, N.S.W.: Random House. ISBN 174051209X.
  18. ^ Wilson, Peter H. (2011). The Thirty Years War : Europe's tragedy (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674062313.
  19. ^ Birmingham, David (2003). A concise history of Portugal (2. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521536863.
  20. ^ Kagan, Donald (2004). The Peloponnesian War. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0142004375.
  21. ^ III, W. Martin James (2011). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1974–1990 (Pbk. ed.). New Brunswick, [N.J.], U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1412815062.
  22. ^ Stevens, Carol B. (2007). Russia's wars of emergence : 1460–1730. Harlo [u.a.]: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0582218918.
  23. ^ "Will the 'War on Terror' ever end?". BBC News. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  24. ^ Frost, Robert I. (2000). The northern wars : war, state, and society in northeastern Europe, 1558 – 1721 ([Nachdr.] ed.). Harlow [u.a.]: Longman. ISBN 0582064295.
  25. ^ Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam, a history (2nd rev. and updated ed.). New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140265473.
  26. ^ Rothenberg, Gunther E. (2006). The Napoleonic Wars. [Washington, D.C.]: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 006085121X.
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