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List of members of the International Ice Hockey Federation

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The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) is the worldwide governing body for ice hockey. It is based in Zurich, Switzerland, and maintains the international ice hockey rulebook, processes international player transfers, dictates officiating guidelines and is responsible for the management of international ice hockey tournaments. The IIHF was created on 15 May 1908, under the name (in French) Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG).[1] Belgium, France, Great Britain, Switzerland, and Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) were the founding members. The IIHF was composed entirely of European teams until 1920, when Canada and the United States joined.

Map of the world with current members of the IIHF. Red indicates full members, blue indicates associate members, green indicates affiliate members and black indicates suspended members.[needs update]

As of September 2024, the IIHF has 84 members.[2][3] Bahrain and Kenya are the newest members, joining on 28 September 2024.[3]

There are three levels of membership in the IIHF. The highest level, IIHF Full Members, are nations that have their own independent ice hockey association and regularly participate in IIHF World Championships. The second level, IIHF Associate Members, either do not have their own independent ice hockey association or have one, but do not meet their minimum participation standards in the IIHF World Championships. The third level, IIHF Affiliate Members, is for nations that only participate in the now-defunct Inline Hockey World Championships. The federation has 60 full members, (including two suspended members), 23 associate members and one affiliate member. Full Members can vote in IIHF Congresses, while Associate and Affiliate Members cannot.[4]

In 2024, 56 IIHF members participated in the Men's World Championships and 45 participated in the Women's World Championships.

Members

edit
IIHF World Ranking information is accurate as of 28 August 2023.
In the Teams column
Text in boldface indicates that the team participated in its corresponding event in 2019.
M Men's Ice Hockey World Championships
M-U20 World Junior Championships
M-U18 World Under-18 Championships
W World Women's Championships
W-U18 World Women's Under-18 Championships
Inline Inline Hockey World Championships (defunct)

Full members

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Nation Date joined Organization President Teams Men's
ranking 		Women's
ranking 		Ref.
  Australia 11 February 1938 Ice Hockey Australia Ryan O'Handley M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 35 31 [5]
  Austria 18 March 1912[A] Austrian Ice Hockey Association Klaus Hartmann M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 16 13 [6]
  Azerbaijan 6 May 1992 Ice Hockey Federation of the Republic of Azerbaijan Valery Laryukov M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [7]
  Belgium 8 December 1908 Royal Belgian Ice Hockey Federation Pascal Nuchelmans M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 40 36 [8]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 May 2001 Bosnia and Herzegovina Ice Hockey Federation Adnan Korić M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 48 41 [9]
  Bulgaria 25 July 1960 Bulgarian Ice Hockey Federation Martin Milanov M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 36 33 [10]
  Canada 26 April 1920[B] Hockey Canada Katherine Henderson M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 1 1 [11]
  China 25 July 1963 Chinese Ice Hockey Association Cao Weidong M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 26 14 [12]
  Chinese Taipei 1 September 1983 Chinese Taipei Ice Hockey Federation Hsieh Chun-huang M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 41 26 [13]
  Croatia 6 May 1992 Croatian Ice Hockey Federation Vjekoslav Jadrešić M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 31 35 [14]
  Czechia 15 November 1908[C] Czech Ice Hockey Association Alois Hadamczik M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 8 5 [15]
  Denmark 27 April 1946 Danish Ice Hockey Union Henrik Bach Nielsen M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 11 11 [16]
  Estonia 17 February 1935[D] Estonian Ice Hockey Association Rauno Parras M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 28 40 [17]
  Finland 10 February 1928 Finnish Ice Hockey Association Harri Nummela M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 2 4 [18]
  France 20 October 1908 French Ice Hockey Federation Pierre-Yves Gerbeau M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 13 12 [19]
  Georgia 8 May 2009 Georgian Ice Hockey National Federation Zakaria Khechuashvili M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 53 — [20]
  Germany 19 September 1909[E] German Ice Hockey Federation Peter Merten M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 5 9 [21]
  Great Britain 19 November 1908 Ice Hockey UK Clifton Wrottesley M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 20 23 [22]
  Hong Kong 30 April 1983 Hong Kong Ice Hockey Association Yeung Kit Kan M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 47 30 [23]
  Hungary 24 January 1927 Hungarian Ice Hockey Federation György Such M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 19 10 [24]
  Iceland 6 May 1992 Ice Hockey Iceland Helgi Páll Þórisson M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 34 27 [25]
  India 27 April 1989 Ice Hockey Association of India Surinder Mohan Bali M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [26]
  Iran 26 September 2019 Islamic Republic of Iran Skating Federation Majid Honarjo M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 54 — [27]
  Ireland 26 September 1996 Irish Ice Hockey Association Aaron Guli M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [28]
  Israel 1 May 1991 Israel Ice Hockey Federation Levav Weinberg M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 33 44 [29]
  Italy 24 January 1924 Italian Ice Sports Federation Andrea Gios M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 18 18 [30]
  Japan 26 January 1930[F] Japan Ice Hockey Federation Akihisa Mizuno M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 25 7 [31]
  Kazakhstan 6 May 1992 Kazakhstan Ice Hockey Federation Askar Mamin M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 15 22 [32]
  Kuwait 8 May 2009[G] Kuwait Ice Hockey Association Faheed Hamas Al-Ajmi M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 50 — [33]
  Kyrgyzstan 14 May 2011 Ice Hockey Federation of the Kyrgyz Republic Anvar Omorkanov M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 46 — [34]
  Latvia 22 February 1931[D] Latvian Ice Hockey Federation Aigars Kalvītis M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 10 29 [35]
  Lithuania 19 February 1938[D] Hockey Lietuva Dainius Zubrus M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 24 32 [36]
  Luxembourg 23 March 1912 Luxembourg Ice Hockey Federation Alain Schneider M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 43 — [37]
  Malaysia 28 September 2006 Malaysia Ice Hockey Federation Haniff Mahmood M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 52 — [38]
  Mexico 30 April 1985 Mexico Ice Hockey Federation Joaquín de la Garma M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 37 25 [39]
  Mongolia 15 May 1999 Mongolian Hockey Federation Javkhlan Bold M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 57 — [40]
  Netherlands 20 January 1935 Netherlands Ice Hockey Association Jan Hopstaken M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 29 17 [41]
  New Zealand 2 May 1977 New Zealand Ice Hockey Federation Andy Mills M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 42 34 [42]
  North Korea 8 August 1963 Ice Hockey Association of the DPR Korea Kim Kyong-jun M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 56 43 [43]
  Norway 20 January 1935 Norwegian Ice Hockey Association Tage Pettersen M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 12 15 [44]
  Philippines 20 May 2016 Federation of Ice Hockey League Christopher G. Sy M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 55 — [45]
  Poland 11 January 1926 Polish Ice Hockey Federation Mirosław Minkina M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 22 20 [46]
  Romania 24 January 1924 Romanian Ice Hockey Federation Alexandru Hălăucă M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 23 39 [47]
  Serbia 1 January 1939[I] Serbian Ice Hockey Association Marko Milovanović M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 30 42 [48]
  Singapore 2 May 1996 Singapore Ice Hockey Association Diana Mei See Foo M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 51 — [49]
  Slovakia 2 February 1993 Slovak Ice Hockey Federation Miroslav Šatan M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 9 16 [50]
  Slovenia 6 May 1992 Ice Hockey Federation of Slovenia Matjaž Rakovec M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 17 21 [51]
  South Africa 25 February 1937 South African Ice Hockey Federation Jason Cerff M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 49 37 [52]
  South Korea 25 July 1960 Korea Ice Hockey Association Lee Ho-jin M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 21 19 [53]
  Spain 10 March 1923 Royal Spanish Ice Sports Federation Frank González M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 32 24 [54]
  Sweden 23 March 1912 Swedish Ice Hockey Association Anders Larsson M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 6 8 [55]
  Switzerland 23 November 1908 Swiss Ice Hockey Federation Michael Rindlisbacher M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 7 3 [56]
  Thailand 27 April 1989 Ice Hockey Association of Thailand M. L. Krisada Kasemsunt M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 44 — [57]
  Turkey 1 May 1991 Turkish Ice Hockey Federation Halit Albayrak M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 38 28 [58]
  Turkmenistan 15 May 2015 Turkmenistan Ice Hockey Federation Jora Hudayberdiyev M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 45 — [59]
  Ukraine 6 May 1992 Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine Georgi Zubko M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 27 38 [60]
  United Arab Emirates 10 May 2001 UAE Ice Sports Federation Ahmed Mubarak Al-Mazrouei M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 39 — [61]
  United States 22 March 1947[J] USA Hockey Mike Trimboli M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 4 2 [62]

^ A. Austria was expelled from the IIHF in 1920, then re-admitted on January 24, 1924. It was again expelled in 1939 and re-admitted on 27 April 1946.[63]
^ B. The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association withdrew from the LIHG on 13 April 1944,[64] then rejoined on 22 March 1947, as part of the merger with the International Ice Hockey Association.[65]
^ C. The IIHF recognizes Bohemia, which joined in 1908, and Czechoslovakia as the predecessors to the Czech Republic, which officially became a member in 1993.
^ D. In 1940, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were annexed by the Soviet Union. Their membership expired on 27 April 1946. The three nations were re-admitted into the IIHF on 6 May 1992.[66][67][68]
^ E. Germany was expelled in 1920, then re-admitted on January 11, 1926. It was again expelled on 27 April 1946. West Germany and East Germany were admitted into the IIHF in 1951 and 1954, respectively. Following their reunification, Germany was re-admitted into the IIHF on 3 October 1990.[69]
^ F. Japan was expelled from the IIHF on 27 April 1946, then re-admitted on 10 March 1951.[70]
^ G. Kuwait had originally joined the IIHF in 1985, but was expelled in 1992 due to a lack of ice hockey activity.
^ H. The IIHF recognizes the Soviet Union, which joined in 1952, as the predecessor to Russia, which officially became a member in 1992.
^ I. The IIHF recognizes Yugoslavia, which joined in 1939, as the predecessor to Serbia, which officially became a member on 28 September 2006.
^ J. On 22 March 1947, the LIHG chose to recognize the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States instead of the Amateur Athletic Union as the governing body of ice hockey in the United States, as part of the merger with the International Ice Hockey Association.[65]

Associate and affiliate members

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Nation Date joined Organization President Teams Men's
ranking 		Women's
ranking 		Ref.
  Algeria 26 September 2019 Hockey Algeria Karim Kerbouche M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [71]
  Andorra 4 May 1995 Andorran Federation of Ice Sports Josep Garcia M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [72]
  Argentina 31 May 1998 Argentine Association of Ice and In-Line Hockey Jorge Haiek M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [73]
  Armenia[K] 22 September 1999 Ice Hockey Federation of Armenia Vahram Sargsyan M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [74]
  Bahrain 28 September 2024 M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [3]
  Brazil 26 June 1984 Brazilian Ice Sports Federation Matheus Figueiredo M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [75]
  Chile
(affiliate member) 		22 September 1999 Chilean Ice and Inline Hockey Federation Mónica Arias M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [76]
  Colombia 26 September 2019 Colombian Ice Hockey Federation Daniel Fierro Torres M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [77]
  Greece 29 April 1987 Hellenic Winter Sports Federation Georgios Nikitidis M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [78]
  Indonesia 20 May 2016 Indonesia Ice Hockey Federation Ronald Situmeang M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 58 — [79]
  Jamaica 18 May 2012 Jamaican Olympic Ice Hockey Federation Don Anderson M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [80]
  Kenya 28 September 2024 Kenya Federation of Ice Sports Robert Opiyo M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [3]
  Lebanon 26 September 2019 Lebanese Ice Hockey Federation Charles El-Mir M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [81]
  Liechtenstein 4 October 2001 Liechtenstein Ice Hockey Federation Karl Otto Gämperli &
Silke Bernard 		M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [82]
  Macau 12 May 2005 Macau Ice Sports Federation Chan Kwan Fai M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [83]
  Morocco 22 May 2010 Royal Moroccan Ice Hockey Federation Khalid Mrini M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [84]
  Nepal 20 May 2016 Nepal Ice Hockey Association Bhuwan Pathak M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [85]
  North Macedonia 4 October 2001 Macedonian Ice Hockey Federation Nikola Tasev M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [86]
  Oman 24 May 2014 Oman Ice Sports Committee Said Ali Hassan Al-Zaabi M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [87]
  Portugal 13 May 1999 Portuguese Winter Sports Federation Pedro Miguel dos Santos Farromba M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [88]
  Puerto Rico 29 September 2022 Puerto Rico Ice Hockey Association Scott Vargas M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [89]
  Qatar 18 May 2012 Qatar Winter Sports Committee Rashed Majed Al-Sulaiti M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [90]
  Tunisia 22 September 2021 Tunisian Ice Hockey Association Ihab Ayed M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [91]
  Uzbekistan 26 September 2019 Uzbekistan Ice Hockey Federation Bakhtiyor Fazilov M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline — — [92]

^ K. Armenia was suspended by the IIHF in April 2010 for use of ineligible players on their national team that participated in the 2010 IIHF World Championship Division III Group B in Yerevan, Armenia.[93] The suspension was lifted in 2015.[94]

Suspended members

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Nation Date joined Organization President Teams Men's
Ranking 		Women's
Ranking 		Ref.
  Belarus[L] 6 May 1992 Belarusian Ice Hockey Association Alexander Bogdanovich M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 14 — [95]
  Russia[L] 1 April 1952[H] Ice Hockey Federation of Russia Vladislav Tretiak M, M-U20, M-U18, W, W-U18, inline 3 6 [96]

^ L. Russia and Belarus were suspended indefinitely by the IIHF on 28 February 2022 from competing in the IIHF World Championship because of their invasion of Ukraine.

Former members

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Nation Date joined IIHF Date left IIHF Organization Reason
  Bohemia 15 November 1908[97] 26 April 1920[98] Czech Hockey Union Membership rights transferred to Czechoslovakia.
  Czechoslovakia 26 April 1920[98] 31 December 1992[99] Czechoslovak Hockey Association Membership rights transferred to the Czech Republic.
  East Germany 9 June 1954[69] 3 October 1990[69] German Ice Skating Federation of the GDR Reunification of East and West Germany.
  Moldova 20 May 2008 2023[100] National Ice Hockey Federation of the Republic of Moldova Membership ended following a prolonged lack of ice hockey activity.
  Namibia 31 May 1998 19 May 2017[101] Namibia Ice and InLine Hockey Association Withdrew from affiliate membership due to a lack of ice hockey activity. Maintains an inline hockey national team and is a member of World Skate.
  Oxford Canadians 17 February 1911[102] 1914[103] Oxford Canadians Ice Hockey Club Club ceased to exist following the outbreak of World War I. Canada later joined the IIHF in 1920.
  Russian Empire 17 February 1911[97] 1911[104] All-Russian Hockey Union Expelled shortly after joining. Federation dissolved and would not rejoin until 1952 as the Soviet Union.
  Soviet Union 1 April 1952 6 May 1992[105] Soviet Union Ice Hockey Federation Membership rights transferred to Russia.
  West Germany 10 March 1951[69] 3 October 1990[69] German Ice Hockey Federation Reunification of East and West Germany, membership rights transferred to Germany.
  Yugoslavia 1 January 1939 31 December 1992[99] Ice Hockey Federation of Yugoslavia Membership rights transferred to Serbia after the breakup of Yugoslavia.

References

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  1. ^ "It all started in Paris, 1908". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
  2. ^ "IIHF Member National Associations". International Ice Hockey Federation. 29 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "Recap: 2024 Semi-Annual Congress". IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  4. ^ "IIHF Statutes and Bylaws 2021–2024" (PDF). International Ice Hockey Federation. May 2018.
  5. ^ "Australia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  6. ^ "Austria". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  7. ^ "Azerbaijan". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  8. ^ "Belgium". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  9. ^ "Bosnia & Herzegovina". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  10. ^ "Bulgaria". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  11. ^ "Canada". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  12. ^ "China". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  13. ^ "Chinese Taipei". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  14. ^ "Croatia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  15. ^ "Czech Republic". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  16. ^ "Denmark". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  17. ^ "Estonia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  18. ^ "Finland". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  19. ^ "France". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  20. ^ "Georgia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  21. ^ "Germany". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  22. ^ "Great Britain". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  23. ^ "Hong Kong". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  24. ^ "Hungary". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  25. ^ "Iceland". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  26. ^ "India". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  27. ^ "Iran". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  28. ^ "Ireland". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  29. ^ "Israel". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  30. ^ "Italy". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  31. ^ "Japan". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  32. ^ "Kazakhstan". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  33. ^ "Kuwait". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  34. ^ "Kyrgyzstan". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  35. ^ "Latvia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  36. ^ "Lithuania". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  37. ^ "Luxembourg". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  38. ^ "Malaysia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  39. ^ "Mexico". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  40. ^ "Mongolia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  41. ^ "Netherlands". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  42. ^ "New Zealand". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  43. ^ "DPR Korea". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  44. ^ "Norway". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  45. ^ "Philippines". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  46. ^ "Poland". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  47. ^ "Romania". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  48. ^ "Serbia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  49. ^ "Singapore". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  50. ^ "Slovakia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  51. ^ "Slovenia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  52. ^ "South Africa". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  53. ^ "Korea". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  54. ^ "Spain". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  55. ^ "Sweden". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  56. ^ "Switzerland". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  57. ^ "Thailand". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  58. ^ "Turkey". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  59. ^ "Turkmenistan". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  60. ^ "Ukraine". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  61. ^ "United Arab Emirates". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  62. ^ "United States". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  63. ^ Podnieks 2010, pp. 53–54
  64. ^ "Old Slate Of Officers Re-elected By C.A.H.A." Lethbridge Herald. Lethbridge, Alberta. 13 April 1944. p. 10. 
  65. ^ a b "C.A.H.A. Gains Few Points At Prague Hockey Confab". Winnipeg Tribune. Winnipeg, Manitoba. 22 March 1947. p. 33. 
  66. ^ Podnieks 2010, p. 70
  67. ^ Podnieks 2010, p. 89
  68. ^ Podnieks 2010, p. 94
  69. ^ a b c d e Podnieks 2010, pp. 67–69
  70. ^ Podnieks 2010, pp. 92–93
  71. ^ "Algeria". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  72. ^ "Andorra". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  73. ^ "Argentina". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  74. ^ "Armenia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  75. ^ "Brazil". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  76. ^ "Chile". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  77. ^ "Colombia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  78. ^ "Greece". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  79. ^ "Indonesia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  80. ^ "Jamaica". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  81. ^ "Lebanon". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  82. ^ "Liechtenstein". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  83. ^ "Macau". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  84. ^ "Morocco". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  85. ^ "Nepal". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  86. ^ "North Macedonia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  87. ^ "Oman". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  88. ^ "Portugal". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  89. ^ "Puerto Rico". International Ice Hockey Federation. 29 September 2022.
  90. ^ "Qatar". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  91. ^ "Tunisia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 22 September 2021.
  92. ^ "Uzbekistan". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  93. ^ "Welcome Morocco". International Ice Hockey Federation. 22 May 2010.
  94. ^ "IIHF Ice Times Vol. 19, No. 4" (PDF). International Ice Hockey Federation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2015.
  95. ^ "Belarus". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  96. ^ "Russia". International Ice Hockey Federation. 26 September 2019.
  97. ^ a b "1908-1913". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
  98. ^ a b "1914-1933". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
  99. ^ a b "1990-today". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
  100. ^ "Moldova". IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  101. ^ "Namibia Ice and Inline Hockey Association". SkateLog.com. 29 September 2022. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020.
  102. ^ "Ice Hockey and Olympism". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  103. ^ "Oxford University Ice Hockey Club". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  104. ^ "Строительство "красной машины". Часть 1" [The Construction of the "Red Machine". Part 1] (in Russian). Russian Hockey Federation. Archived from the original on 6 February 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  105. ^ Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). "Story #42: Breakup of old Europe creates a new hockey world". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 13 May 2009.

Bibliography

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