List of obsolete occupations

This is a list of obsolete occupations. To be included in this list an occupation must be completely, or to a great extent, obsolete. For example, there are still a few lamplighters retained for ceremonial or tourist purposes, but in the main the occupation is now obsolete. Similarly, there are still some manual switchboard operators and elevator operators which are required for historic equipment or security reasons, but these are now considered to be obsolete occupations. Occupations which appear to be obsolete in industrialized countries may still be carried out commercially in other parts of the world, for example charcoal burner.

Flowchart to determine if an occupation should be included in the list of obsolete occupations

To be included in this list an obsolete occupation should in the past have employed significant numbers of workers (hundreds or thousands as evidenced by, for example, census data).[1][2] Some rare occupations are included in this list, but only if they have notable practitioners, for example alchemist or phrenologist.

Terms which describe groups of people carrying out a variety of roles, but which are not specific occupations, are excluded from this list even if they are obsolete, for example conquistador or retinue. Terms describing positions which have a modern equivalent, and are thus not obsolete occupations, are excluded from this list, for example a dragoman would now be termed a diplomat; similarly a cunning woman would now be termed a practitioner of folk medicine. Terms describing a state of being rather than an occupation are excluded, for example castrato. Specialist terms for an occupation, even if they are obsolete, are excluded, for example the numerous historic terms for cavalry and courtesan. Foreign language terms for existing occupations are excluded, for example korobeinik or Laukkuryssä which are types of peddler. All types of forced labour, such as slavery and penal labour are excluded from this list as they are not paid occupations.

Only occupations which are notable, well-defined, and adequately documented in secondary sources are included in this list.

Reasons for occupations to become obsolete

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An occupation may become obsolete for a single reason, or for a combination of reasons. Reasons for occupations to become obsolete fall into a number of groups:

  • Cultural/fashion change, for example hoop skirt and crinoline manufacturers were significant employers in the 1850s and 1860s but they declined significantly in later years as fashions changed.[3]
  • Child safety/security change, for example climbing boys became unacceptable because of the danger to children involved in the job.[4]
  • Debunked as pseudoscience, for example phrenologists[5]: 266 [6]: 137 
  • Economic change, for example the reduction in domestic servants caused by increased wages and alternative employment opportunities.[7]: 171 
  • Environmental change: over-farming, over-exploitation and deforestation. For example, the trading of ivory has become heavily restricted over recent decades, especially in the Western world, following the international CITES agreement and local legislation, which has put ivory carvers out of work.[8]
  • Legal, political and regulatory change, for example the Victorian-era law that made available more cadavers to medical schools, thus signalling the death-knell to body snatchers.[9]
  • Social change, e.g. the Workhouse as a way of dealing with the poor, or the elimination of much child labour so that they could attend school.[10]
  • Technological/scientific/process efficiency change,[11][12] for example making lime in factories on a large scale rather than by lime-burners on a small scale. Another example is the continuous changes in occupations in the textile industry in the 19th century as a result of mechanization.[13]: 247  In recent times, the workplace impact of artificial intelligence has arisen as a concern for widespread job changes and/or decline.[14][15]

List of obsolete occupations

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The table lists information about obsolete occupations

Occupation: name of the occupation
Description: description of the occupation
Reason: reason for the occupation becoming obsolete
Type: primary type of reason for the occupation becoming obsolete
Cultur - Cultural change (includes fashion change)
Child - Child safety change
Debunk - Debunked as pseudoscience
Econom - Economic change
Envir - Environmental change
Legal - Legal change (includes political change and regulatory change)
Social - Social change
Tech - Technological change (includes scientific change and process efficiency change)
Start: century that the occupation started, for example -3 indicates 3rd century BC and -99 indicates prehistoric
End: century that the occupation ended, for example 15 indicates 15th century AD
Image: image of the occupation

Key:    Common occupation      Rare occupation  

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ For example, the Anatomy Act 1832 in the United Kingdom.
  2. ^ In the United Kingdom the following laws progressively restricted the employment of climbing boys: Chimney Sweepers Act 1788, Chimney Sweepers Act 1834, Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys Regulation Act 1840, Chimney Sweepers Regulation Act 1864 and Chimney Sweepers Act 1875
  3. ^ In early medieval Europe (5th to 10th century), the Byzantine Empire made use of military drums to indicate marching and rowing cadence. Pryor, John H.; Jeffries, Elizabeth M. (2006). The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca 500–1204. Brill. ISBN 978-9-04740-993-9.
  4. ^ Book of Isaiah 7:3 King James Version: "Then said the LORD unto Isaiah, Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou, and Shearjashub thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field." Wischnitzer, Mark (1965). A history of Jewish crafts and guilds. New York: Jonathan David. p. 11.
  5. ^ Gong farmer is included under the name "Nightman" in the occupational categories "Dust Collector", "Scavenger" in the UK censuses for 1841, 1851 and 1861. The occupation of scavenger is still current in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
  6. ^ The occupation was drawn to the world's attention by the story The Little Match Girl written by Hans Christian Andersen, first published in 1845.
  7. ^ Refers to needles made from metal wire. See Ancient sewing needles
  8. ^ Although most oakum was picked in institutions, it was also done as a task onboard ships, and there was an oakum picking cottage industry. Wilson, Ivy G. (June 2011). "The Spectacle of Disorder: Race, Decoration, and the Social Logic of Space". Specters of Democracy: Blackness and the Aesthetics of Politics in the Antebellum (Online ed.). pp. 126–144. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337372.003.0007. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
  9. ^ Pin manufacturing in England and Wales showed a progressive decrease in employment from 1841-1871 according to the decennial census figures. However, the figures should be treated with caution as occupations were self-declared, and changing demand could affect the figures irrespective of developments in manufacturing processes.
    Pin Manufacture Workers, England and Wales, 1841-1871
    1841: 1330 "1841 Census of Great Britain, Occupations". Retrieved 2024-10-12.
    1851: 1295 "Census of 1851 – Occupations". Retrieved 2014-10-12.
    1861: 729 "Census of 1861 – Occupations – England and Wales". Retrieved 2024-10-12.
    1871: 687 Census Office, Great Britain (1970) [1873]. 1871 census, England and Wales; ages, civil condition, occupations and birthplaces. Irish U.P. pp. xl, xlv. ISBN 978-0-71651-195-3. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  10. ^ Refers to wheels with spokes rather than earlier solid wooden wheels

References

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