Wikipedia

List of participants in the Walker affair

This is a list of participants in the Walker affair, an occupation of Nicaragua by American mercenary William Walker and his follower and supporters. It includes both those in Nicaragua and those who supported the campaign from the United States.

William Walker

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William Walker (May 8, 1824 – September 12, 1860) was an American physician, lawyer, journalist, and mercenary. After settling in California and motivated by an earlier filibustering project of Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, Walker attempted in 1853–54 to take Baja California and Sonora. He declared those territories to be an independent Republic of Sonora, but he was soon driven back to California by the Mexican forces. Walker then went to Nicaragua in 1855 as leader of a mercenary army employed by the Nicaraguan Democratic Party in its civil war against the Legitimists. He took control of the Nicaraguan government and in July 1856 set himself up as the country's president.[1]

Walker's regime was recognized as the legitimate government of Nicaragua by US President Franklin Pierce and it initially enjoyed the support of some important sectors within Nicaraguan society.[2] However, Walker antagonized the powerful Wall Street tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt by expropriating Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company, which operated one of the main routes for the transport of passengers going from New York City to San Francisco. The British Empire saw Walker as a threat to its interests in the possible construction of a Nicaragua Canal. As ruler of Nicaragua, Walker re-legalized slavery, albeit this measure was never enforced, and threatened the independence of neighboring Central American republics. A military coalition led by Costa Rica defeated Walker and forced him to resign the presidency of Nicaragua on May 1, 1857.[3]

Walker then tried to re-launch his filibustering project and in 1860 he published a book, The War in Nicaragua, which cast his efforts to conquer Central America as tied to the geographical expansion of slavery. In that way, Walker sought to gain renewed support from pro-slavery forces in the Southern United States on the eve of the American Civil War. That same year Walker returned to Central America but was arrested by the Royal Navy, who handed him over to the Honduran government which executed him.

Alexander Wake Holeman

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Alexander Wake Holeman was born on February 20, 1827, in Frankfort, Kentucky, and died on October 19th, 1887 in Louisville, Kentucky.[4] Holeman was known as a professional filibuster and a soldier of fortune.[5] He served in the Mexican-American War and was captured by the Mexican army near La Encarnación, Mexico, on January 21, 1847.[6] He famously took two chances in a death lottery—one for himself and one for a friend he deemed less capable of facing the risk—before escaping captivity in July 1847.[7]  He then served in Colonel Humphrey Marshall’s Regiment of Kentucky Riflemen, with whom he traveled to Cuba in 1851 to participate in the Lopez Rebellion and the Battle of Cardenas under General George Pickett.[8] In 1855-56, he joined Walker in Nicaragua, and later commanded a Kentucky cavalry regiment on the Union side during the U.S. Civil War.[9] He was a machinist and hotelkeeper before the Civil War and he enslaved 9 individuals during his time in Owen County, Kentucky in 1860.[10] After the Civil War, he returned to Kentucky where he drew a pension for his participation in the Mexican-American War.

Alexander Parker Crittenden

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Alexander Parker Crittenden was a follower and avid supporter of William Walker and his invasion of Nicaragua.[11] In the 1850s Crittenden was a recruiter for the expedition while he simultaneously worked in California as a lawyer.[12] Because of his status and wealth, Crittenden was a strong financial supporter of William Walker’s invasion of Nicaragua.[11] Although there is no record of his children fighting for Walker, Crittenden had many family members travel with and support his crusade.[12] Alexander P. Crittenden did not die while fighting in Nicaragua for Walker; he was shot and killed by Laura Fair in front of his family on the docks of San Francisco in 1870.[13] Fair, in a moment of temporary insanity—according to the courts—had shot Crittenden because during their seven year affair he had led her to believe first that he was a widower and then that he would leave his wife, Clara, for her. The murder sparked a trial and a subsequent retrial that drew considerable public attention.[13]

Volney R. Bristol

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Volney R. Bristol was from Connecticut.[14] It appears that he deserted from Walker's army to Costa Rica where he was forced to participate as an assistant engineer and then sued for damages.[15] He was born on December 22, 1829, never married, and died in August 1887.[16] He became a sergeant in the Connecticut Infantry Company I and was honorably discharged from the Infantry in 1863.[17] He had one sister and two brothers.[18]

Charles L. Mann

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Charles L. Mann, a government official and Texas Ranger, was born around 1825 in Mississippi.[19] In 1847, he was appointed as the interim adjutant general of Texas.[20] He was a member of the Episcopal Church.[21] He was also a member of the Sons of Temperance.[22] Later on in 1857 he became a Texas Rangers Colonel,[23] and joined William Walker’s colonization of Nicaragua.[24]

John Tabor

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John Tabor was the publishing director of the El Nicaraguense newspaper in 1854.[25] Tabor accompanied William Walker along with six of the original "immortals" aboard the steamship Fashion headed to Greytown, Nicaragua.[26] Tabor often got into confrontations regarding his right to publish his paper in Central America.[27] John Tabor, along with Owen Duffy, opened a law firm where they exclusively focused on claims that were made targeting the government.[28] Tabor was influential during this time, given his role with El Nicaraguense.[29]

Collier Clarence Hornsby

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Collier Clarence Hornsby was born in Columbia, Mississippi.[30] He was in the US Army before joining William Walker. [31] After the military, Hornsby took part in the Nicaragua expedition with Walker in 1855.[32] Hornsby only agreed to join Walker in taking over Nicaragua if he received the title as Captain.[33] By joining Walker early on, Hornsby is considered one of the "immortals." [34] He married, had two children, and travelled with them. [35] While traveling back to Nicaragua from New York, he used the name Collier Clarence Hornsby in order to not get caught by the County Prosecutor in New York. [36] His real name was Charles Hornsby.[37]

Martin P. Avery

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Martin P. Avery was an American Brigadier General and Colonel born in New York in 1836. Avery was the adjutant of President Haye's regiment. He was a member of the Masonic lodge in Kansas. Avery was married but records show that he and his wife spent years without seeing each other. Avery was known as a walking skeleton, weighing only 48 pounds at the time of his death in 1882. Prior to his death, Avery spent time in Nicaragua as a filibuster.

Sumpter Willamson

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Sumpter Williamson was born in Georgia in 1833.[38] He was the second of four children born to Ethelbort and Sarah Williamson. [39] His family lived in Talladega County, Alabama.[40] On March 30, 1856, he was commissioned as second lieutenant of Company G in the First Battalion Riflemen in William Walker's invading army. Seven months later, on October 24, 1856, Walker promoted him to first lieutenant within the same battalion. He participated in the burning of the Nicaraguan colonial city of Granada.[41] According to William Walker's memoirs, Sumpter had "unflinching courage and [a] jovial spirit".[42] Back in the U.S. in 1862, Sumpter fought on the side of the Confederacy alongside former filibusters at the Battle of Roanoke Island in North Carolina.[43] During the battle, he led Captain Lewis' Company, where he was wounded during the fighting.[44]

Birkett D. Fry

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Birkett Davenport Fry was born in 1822 in West Virginia.[45] Attending two different military schools, Fry originally joined the Virginia Military Institute in 1840, but he resigned nearly a year later. [46] He then enrolled at West Point Military School, where he also had to leave before graduating, dropping out due to his academic deficiency in math.[47] Fry accompanied Walker on his journey to Nicaragua, originally serving as a colonel in Walker's army.[48] While in Nicaragua, Fry eventually became a general, before returning home in 1859.[49]

Lipscomb Norvell Walker

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Younger brother of William Walker, Lipscomb Norvell Walker, fought as a volunteer from Tennessee in the Mexican American war.[50] Lipscomb ended the war as a captain after moving up the ranks from second lieutenant.[50] Lipscomb joined William in the conquest of Nicaragua but managed to disappoint with his embarrassing behavior, talking and drinking a lot.[51] He eventually caught a fever during the conquest of the San Juan river and died shortly after near Havana, Cuba.

John David Walker

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John David Walker was born into a family of enslavers in Georgia.[52] He enlisted as a soldier and fought in the Mexican-American War at 21 years old, until he injured his legs on August 20, 1847 at the Battle of Churubusco.[53] He then briefly went to Nicaragua with William Walker to filibuster.[54] When he returned, he enlisted in the Confederate army in 1861, becoming major of the First Regiment Georgia Regulars on June 19, 1861 until February 6, 1862 where he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel.[55] At the Second Battle of Manassas, he was shot in the leg, but refused amputation, dying of a gangrene infection on October 3, 1862 at the age of 37.[56] It is unknown whether John David Walker had a wife or children, but he did have a brother who was a famous general in the Confederate army named William H T Walker who died only two years later.[57]  

David Deadrick

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David Deadrick was a young miner.[58] Deadrick was a lower class citizen who worked in gold mines. Due to bad fortune, he joined William Walker in his exploration to explore Nicaragua.[59] While exploring Nicaragua he would write a two part memoir under the name of Samuel Absalom.[60] The title to his memoir, The Experience of Samuel Absalom,[61] would contain the journey to Nicaragua and the relationship between American explorers and the Nicaraguan people.[62]

Alexander C. Lawrence

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Alexander C. Lawrence was an attorney. He owned a saloon in New York City from 1850 to 1857 where filibusters would hang out. The establishment was called the St. Charles' Saloon and it was located at the corner of Broadway and Leonard Streets. In August 1856 Lawrence was working as the General Emigrant Agent for the William Walker administration in Nicaragua. Lawrence’s Emigrant office was located on Broadway Street in New York City.

Harry Maury

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Harry Maury was an influential 19th-century Alabama captain who promoted adventure and southern pride. Others recognized him as a "knight of Old."[63] Maury's exploration around the South led to his interconnection with William Walker and the filibuster movement. William Walker requested Maury's skills and hired him to benefit the filibuster as part of the finance group.[64] Maury deeply began to analyze Walker's movement in which the "regeneration" mission was crucial. The mission was related to the Southern ideals at that time, making Maury's participation in the filibuster's movement critical for the spirit and expansion of the movement's belief. Maury presented a version to the Southerners called "Home Front" to promote the spirit of the movement.[65]

Jane Cazneau

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Jane Maria Eliza McManus (1807), later known as Jane Cazneau, was a prominent writer covering international relations and U.S. involvement abroad.[66] As a pioneering woman in journalism, she became one of the earliest American journalists to report from enemy-controlled areas during the US-Mexico War.[67] Known for promoting Manifest Destiny, she backed William Walker and his filibuster campaigns in Central America.[68] Cazneau supported expansionist political movements and filibuster wars through her extensive contributions to newspapers, journals, and other publications.[69] She is often called the "Mistress of Manifest Destiny."[70] Cazneau sought out financial opportunities outside the U.S. and invested in a silver mine in Chontales, Nicaragua.[71] She drowned at sea in 1878.[72]

Jack Harris

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Born in Connecticut in 1834, Jack Harris left his home to go to sea at 12 years old,[50] later joining William Walker in 1856.[73] As a member of William Walker’s Nicaragua Expedition, Jack Harris served under the filibuster for a brief time before being rescued from a firing squad by Walker himself.[73] After spending about four years with William Walker, Harris joined the San Antonio police force; he then served in the Civil War for the Confederacy[73] under the Second Texas Cavalry.[50] After the war, Jack Harris rejoined the police force in San Antonio during the Reconstruction period[50] until 1872 when he opened a saloon at the corner of Soledad and West Commerce on Main Plaza.[50] His saloon, named Jack Harris Vaudeville Theater and Saloon, became very popular, especially in the gambling world.[50] One night in 1880, a former friend of Jack Harris became banned from the saloon after losing heavily and threatening the place.[74] The threatening party, Ben Thompson, who was a known gunman, gambler, and saloon owner in Austin, Texas, returned to San Antonio on July 11, 1882 as the new City Marshal of Austin.[75] A face-off occurred at the Jack Harris Vaudeville Theater and Saloon as Harris waited to confront Thompson and his threats of shutting down the saloon.[75] An argument arose that ultimately ended with Harris’s death after Thompson shot him in the Vaudeville Theater.[73] Jack Harris was unmarried at the time of his death,[73] passing as a very influential member of his community with strong connections to the political authorities of the area,[50] a fact heavily supported by the 47 carriages in the procession of his funeral on July 12, 1882.[73] Ben Thompson obtained a "not guilty" verdict in the delayed trial on January 16, 1883.[75]

Ellen Oldmixon Sully

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Ellen Oldmixon Sully was born on January 16, 1816, and died in 1896. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Thomas Sully and Sarah Annis.[76] She married John Hill Wheeler on November 8, 1838 and they had two children, Charles Sully Wheeler (1839-1916) and Levi Woodbury Wheeler.[77] Their two children had a half sibling from John Hill Wheeler's previous marriage to Mary Elizabeth Brown.[78] Oldmixon Sully joined her husband's voyage to Nicaragua and spent three years there with her family in support of William Walker; her husband was the U.S. Minister to Walker's government.[79]

Ira Munson

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Ira Munson joined William Walker in his invasion of Nicaragua in 1855. Walker named him Second Sargeant. Munson was also one of Walker's "Immortals".[80] He was later a Captain in the 126th New York Infantry Division in 1862.[50] Munson fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.[81] He was taken as a prisoner of war and died from battle wounds on May 14, 1864.[50]

Thomas Grosvenor Adkins and Mary Walker Adkins

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Mary Walker Adkins (sometimes spelled Atkins) was the first wife of Thomas Grosvenor Adkins, a famous military musician born in England.[82] She was also born in England and had a son who died in the U.S. Civil War.[83] She accompanied her husband to Nicaragua.[84] There, she and Mrs. Morris created the filibuster flag for William Walker's invading army.[85] That flag resembled the Nicaraguan flag but replaced the triangle with five volcanoes in the middle with a red star.[86]

Pierre Soulé

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Pierre Soulé strongly advocated for William Walker's filibuster campaigns.[87] He supported Walker's campaigns through persuasive speeches, political support, and by raising half a million dollars.[87] He was able to raise money for Walker by speaking to a crowd in New Orleans where he requested funds for weapons and supplies.[87] Soulé also worked as a lawyer working to defend Walker's efforts in Nicaragua. He visited Nicaragua to support Walker.[88] There he was seen in private conferences with Walker.[88] According to Walker, he played an important role in Nicaragua partly due to his ability to speak Spanish fluently.[88] Some argue that Soulé played a role in convincing Walker to reinstate enslavement in Nicaragua and that Soulé was looking forward to growing cotton in Nicaragua.[89]

Lewis Miles Hobbs Washington

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Lewis Miles Hobbs Washington was a writer who served in the Texas Revolution.[90] He was a Colonel in the military.[91] Lewis was part of the Lockridge filibuster expedition in Nicaragua in the 1850s.[92] In 1857, while in Nicaragua, Lewis was recovering from a gunshot wound to the foot when he was captured by Costa Ricans and killed at the age of 43.[92]

Charles D. Bonsall

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Charles D. Bonsall was born in Mississippi and died on June 2, 1856, in Granada, Nicaragua.[93] He graduated with honors from the College of New Jersey (Princeton University) and later attended the University of Virginia Law School.[94] After his graduation he became an editor of the Vicksburg Sentinel in Mississippi, which eventually merged into The Sun.[95] Around 1851, The Sun was sold to Bonsall and a business partner who later sold his part to John M. Jewell, converting the firm into “Bonsall & Jewell.”[95] In 1853 Bonsall was working as a defense attorney in Vicksburg, Mississippi as part of the firm Bonsall and Irions.[96] Bonsall was a member of the American Whig Society.[97] Before his trip to Nicaragua he was involved in local politics and wrote a letter to Jefferson Davis, the Confederate leader from Mississippi, on August 16, 1856.[98]

Chatham Roberdeau Wheat

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Chatham Roberdeau Wheat, sometimes referred to as "Bob", was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on April 9, 1826.[99] Wheat's father was a Episcopalian Clergyman, and his mother was the granddaughter of General Roberdeau, who was among the first leaders of the troops in Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary War.[100]  Wheat spent his youth in New Orleans, after his family moved away from Virginia.[99] In 1842 Wheat moved to Tennessee with his family to study at the University of Nashville, and received his Bachelor's Degree in 1846.[100] Wheat fought in Mexico and later supported the Confederacy. He seems to have not written about his time in Nicaragua. He left New York for Nicaragua in late 1856.

References

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