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Brazil has a multi-party system since 1979, when the country's military dictatorship disbanded an enforced two-party system and allowed the creation of multiple parties.[1]
Above the broad range of political parties in Brazilian Congress, the Workers' Party (PT), the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), the Liberal Party (PL), the Progressives (PP) and the Brazil Union (UNIÃO) together control the absolute majority of seats in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies.[2] Smaller parties often make alliances with at least one of these five major parties.[3] The number of political parties reached the apex of 35 on 2018, 30 of which were represented in congress after the 2018 general election.[4][5][6] However, an electoral threshold introduced on 2017 has resulted in the culling and merger of many parties, as it cuts access to party subsidies and free party political broadcasts.[4][7]
Brazilian parties have access to party subsidies in form of the Fundo Partidário (lit. 'Party Fund') and the Fundo Eleitoral (lit. 'Electoral Fund') for elections.[8] And a system of free party political broadcasts during election time known as the horário eleitoral gratuito.[9]
Since 1982, Brazilian political parties have been given an electoral number to make it easier for illiterate people to vote. Initially, it was a one-digit number: 1 for PDS, 2 for PDT, 3 for PT, 4 for PTB, and 5 for PMDB. When it became clear that there was going to be more than nine parties, two-digit numbers were assigned, with the first five parties having a "1" added to their former one-digit number (PDS becoming number 11, PDT 12, PT 13, PTB 14, and PMDB 15). Political parties often change their names, but they can retain their number.
In terms of association, parties can form electoral coalitions and party federations. Since 2017, coalitions are only allowed in elections under the majority system. Therefore, political parties can unite in support for a presidential or senatorial candidate, for example. However, parties cannot form coalitions for the election of federal deputies, state deputies and councillors.[10] Coalitions are formed before the elections and do not oblige parties to remain together afterwards.[11] Party federations, on the other hand, are legally different from coalitions in that they are longer-lasting, have a national scope and require ideological unity. Unlike coalitions, the parties that make up a federation are treated as a single party in legislative activity and in elections; they are prohibited from acting independently in the legislative houses or from filing election-related lawsuits, as the federation has the sole legal standing to do so.[12]
Active parties
editParties represented in the National Congress
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Parties without representation in the National Congress
edit| Logo | Party | Ideology | Leader(s) | Assemblies[15] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party Partido Renovador Trabalhista Brasileiro |
PRTB | Right-wing populism Social conservatism |
Leonardo Avalanche, Pablo Marçal |
6 / 1,059
| |
|
Act Agir |
Catch-all Solidarism Autistic people's interests |
Daniel Tourinho | 5 / 1,059
| ||
|
National Mobilization Mobilização Nacional |
Mobiliza | Brazilian nationalism Third-worldism |
Antonio Massarollo | 5 / 1,059
| |
| Brazilian Woman's Party Partido da Mulher Brasileira |
PMB | Women's rights Anti-feminism |
Suêd Haidar | 3 / 1,059
| ||
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|
Christian Democracy Democracia Cristã |
DC | Christian democracy | José Maria Eymael | 1 / 1,059
| |
|
Workers' Cause Party Partido da Causa Operária |
PCO | Trotskyism Anti-imperialism |
Rui Costa Pimenta | — | |
|
Brazilian Communist Party Partido Comunista Brasileiro |
PCB | Marxism-Leninism | Edmilson Costa | — | |
|
United Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado |
PSTU | Trotskyism Morenismo |
Zé Maria | — | |
| Popular Unity Unidade Popular |
UP | Revolutionary socialism Anti-capitalism Anti-racism |
Léo Péricles | — | ||
Extinct parties
editThis list presents the parties of the current Sixth Republic that were once recognized by the Superior Electoral Court, but have ceased to exist. The existence of all these parties has ended by the result of mergers.
- Democrats - DEM (Democratas)[a]
- Party of the Nation's Retirees - PAN (Partido dos Aposentados da Nação)
- Christian Democratic Party (1985) - PDC (Partido Democrata Cristão)
- Democratic Social Party - PDS (Partido Democrático Social)
- Workers' General Party - PGT (Partido Geral dos Trabalhadores)
- Humanist Party of Solidarity - PHS (Partido Humanista da Solidariedade)[b]
- Liberal Party (1985) - PL (Partido Liberal)
- Free Fatherland Party - PPL (Partido Pátria Livre)
- Progressive Party (1993) - PP (Partido Progressista)
- Reform Progressive Party - PPR (Partido Progressista Reformador)
- Party of Reconstruction of the National Order - PRONA (Partido de Reedificação da Ordem Nacional)
- Republican Party of the Social Order - PROS (Partido Republicano da Ordem Social)
- Progressive Republican Party - PRP (Partido Republicano Progressista)
- Social Christian Party - PSC (Partido Social Cristão)
- Social Democratic Party (1987) - PSD (Partido Social Democrático)
- Social Liberal Party - PSL (Partido Social Liberal)
- Social Labour Party (1983) - PST (Partido Social Trabalhista)
- Brazilian Labour Party (1981) - PTB (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro)
- Renewal Labour Party - PTR (Partido Trabalhista Renovador)
- Patriot (Patriota)[c]
Historical parties
editThis list presents the parties that never reached the Sixth Republic. Due to the large number of parties that were dissolved, especially during the First and Second Republics, it is not intended to be an exhaustive list.
Imperial Brazil (1822–1889)
edit- Conservative Party (Partido Conservador)
- Liberal Party (Partido Liberal)
- Progressive League (Liga Progressista)[d]
- Paulista Republican Party - PRP (Partido Republicano Paulista)
- Rio-grandense Republican Party - PRR (Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense)
- Minas Gerais Republican Party - PRM (Partido Republicano Mineiro)
- Fluminense Republican Party - PRF (Partido Republicano Fluminense)
- Federal Republican Party (Partido Republicano Federal)
- Conservative Republican Party - PRC (Partido Republicano Conservador)
- Democratic Party (Partido Democrático)
- Liberating Party - PL (Partido Libertador)
- Brazilian Black Front - FNB (Frente Negra Brasileira)
- Catholic Electoral League (Liga Eleitoral Católica)
- Brazilian Integralist Action - AIB (Ação Integralista Brasileira)
Fourth Republic (1945–1964)
edit- National Democratic Union - UDN (União Democrática Nacional)
- Brazilian Labour Party (1945) - PTB (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro)
- Brazilian Socialist Party (1945) - PSB (Partido Socialista Brasileiro)[e]
- Orienting Labour Party - POT (Partido Orientador Trabalhista)
- Christian Democratic Party (1945) - PDC (Partido Democrata Cristão)
- Social Democratic Party (1945) - PSD (Partido Social Democrático)
- Republican Party - PR (Partido Republicano)
- Popular Representation Party - PRP (Partido de Representação Popular)
- National Labour Party - PTN (Partido Trabalhista Nacional)
- Social Labour Party (1946) - PST (Partido Social Trabalhista)[f]
- Social Progressive Party - PSP (Partido Social Progressista)[g]
- Republican Labour Party - PRT (Partido Republicano Trabalhista)[h]
- Renewal Labour Movement - MTR (Movimento Trabalhista Renovador)
Military Dictatorship (1964–1985)
edit- National Renewal Alliance - ARENA (Aliança Renovadora Nacional)
- Popular Party - PP (Partido Popular)
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Known from 1985 to 2007 as the Party of the Liberal Front (Partido da Frente Liberal).
- ^ Known from 1995 to 1998 as the National Solidarist Party (Partido Solidarista Nacional), and from 1998 to 2000 as the Party of National Solidarity (Partido da Solidariedade Nacional).
- ^ Known from 2011 to 2017 as the National Ecological Party (Partido Ecológico Nacional).
- ^ Also called Progressive Party.
- ^ Known from 1945 to 1947 as the Democratic Left (Esquerda Democrática).
- ^ Known from 1946 to 1947 as the Proletarian Party of Brazil (Partido Proletário do Brasil).
- ^ Created from the merger of three parties: the National Agrarian Party (Partido Agrário Nacional), the Popular Syndicalist Party (Partido Popular Sindicalista) and the Progressive Republican Party (Partido Republicano Progressista).
- ^ Known from 1958 until its dissolution in 1965 as the Rural Labour Party (Partido Rural Trabalhista).
References
edit- ^ Sousa, Ana Cristina Augusto de; Silva, Lays Correa da (6 August 2021). "Redemocratização no Brasil: continuidade ou ruptura?". Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) (in Portuguese). 22 (47): 570–575. doi:10.1590/2237-101X02204713. ISSN 1518-3319. S2CID 238849517.
- ^ Freedom House report on Brazil, 2007
- ^ "Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados". tse.jus.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ^ a b "Número de partidos na Câmara deve cair após ápice da fragmentação em 2018". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "Brasil tem 75 partidos políticos em processo de formação".[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Brasil vai às urnas em outubro com 35 partidos". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ "Perspectiva é de fusão entre partidos". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ Fundo Partidário (estudo) Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. Por Miriam Campelo de Melo Amorim. Brasília: Biblioteca Digital da Câmara dos Deputados, outubro de 2005.
- ^ "L9504". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ Emenda Constitucional nº 97. www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ "Das Coligações". TRE-PI (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Barros, Ezikelly (4 August 2022). "Partidos federados não podem atuar isoladamente desde o registro no TSE". Consultor Jurídico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ "Bancadas atuais da Câmara dos Deputados". Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ "Senadores em Exercício". Federal Senate. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Resultado da Eleição". sig.tse.jus.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 September 2024.