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Ravensbrück (pronounced [ʁaːvənsˈbʁʏk]) was a German concentration camp exclusively for women from 1939 to 1945, located in northern Germany, 90 km (56 mi) north of Berlin at a site near the village of Ravensbrück (part of Fürstenberg/Havel). The largest single national group consisted of 40,000 Polish women. Others included 26,000 Jews from all countries, 18,800 Russian, 8,000 French, and 1,000 Dutch. More than 80 percent were political prisoners. Many slave labor prisoners were employed by Siemens & Halske. From 1942 to 1945, medical experiments to test the effectiveness of sulfonamides were undertaken.
In the spring of 1941, the SS established a small adjacent camp for male inmates, who built and managed the camp's gas chambers in 1944. Of some 130,000 female prisoners who passed through the Ravensbrück camp, about 50,000 of them perished, some 2,200 were killed in the gas chambers and 15,000 survived until liberation.
Female prisoners
edit- Vera Albreht, Slovenian poet
- Louise Aslanian, French-Armenian writer, poet, French Resistance fighter (executed)
- Ágnes Bartha, Hungarian photographer
- Aat Breur-Hibma, Dutch draftswoman and painter
- Esther Béjarano, German musician
- Maja Berezowska, Polish painter
- Henriette Bie Lorentzen, Norwegian journalist
- Halina Birenbaum, Polish writer
- Betsie ten Boom, Dutch bookkeeper
- Corrie ten Boom, Dutch watchmaker
- Margarete Buber-Neumann, German writer
- Erika Buchmann , German Communist
- Neus Català
- Anica Černej, Slovenian poet
- Klára Červenková, Czech teacher and resistance leader
- Hortense Clews
- Marie-Louise Cloarec (executed)
- Catherine Dior, French Resistance fighter
- Eugénie Djendi (executed)
- Andrée Dupont-Thiersault, French Resistance messenger (survived)[1]
- Philomena Franz, Sinti writer
- Carmella Flöck, Austrian Resistance
- Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz
- Louisa Gould, Channel Islands resistance movement
- Mirjana Gross, Croatian historian and writer
- Alena Hájková, Czech resistance fighter
- Odette Hallowes
- Emmi Handke
- Katharina Jacob, Teacher and resistance leader
- Elisabeth Jäger resistance activist and journalist
- Milena Jesenská
- Margarete Jung, Communist activist
- Edith Kiss
- Halina Krahelska
- Karolina Lanckorońska
- Sonja Lapajne-Oblak, Slovenian architect, civil engineer and partisan fighter
- Violette Lecoq, French artist
- Jadwiga Lenartowicz-Rylko, Polish Catholic physician
- Lise London[2]
- Pierrette Louin (executed)
- Rosa Manus, Dutch pacifist and suffragist
- Martha Froukje Mees [3][4]
- Suzanne Mertzizen (executed)
- Eileen Nearne, a.k.a. Agent Rose (escaped)
- Käthe Niederkirchner, German Communist resistance activist
- Andrée Peel, French Resistance
- Wanda Półtawska
- Claire Prins, (Dutch prisoner, released together with Corrie ten Boom)
- Margarete Rosenberg, survivor
- Élisabeth de Rothschild, French baroness
- Zofia Rzewuska
- Marek Rzewuski, born in Ravensbruck
- Sylvia Salvesen, author
- Cilly Schäfer, Communist Party of Germany politician
- Maria Skobtsova, (Saint Maria Skobtsova), nun
- Elli Smula (1914–1943), tram conductor
- Ceija Stojka, Austrian Romani writer and artist
- Violette Szabo, British-French spy
- Hanna Sturm, Austrian labour rights activist
- Germaine Tambour, French Resistance fighter
- Madeleine Tambour, French Resistance fighter
- Ivanka Žnidar Slovenia
- Seren Tuvel Bernstein, author of The Seamstress: A Memoir of Survival[5]
- Rose Van Thyn
- Halszka Wasilewska, Polish military officer
- Gabrielle Weidner, Dutch resistance fighter
- Maria Wiedmaier, German activist
- Alice Wosikowski, German politician
- Krystyna Zaorska, Polish artist
- Hanna Zemer, Slovak-born Israeli journalist
- Wieke Bosch, anarchist (executed)
- Josette Renee Paule Ronserail, British-French spy
- Ivanka Perović - Croatian member of National Liberating Movement
Male prisoners
editReferences
edit- ^ Off, Lead. "Andrée Dupont-Thiersault". Mémoire et Espoirs de la Résistance (in French). Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ "Veteran communist Lise London dies at age 96". El País. 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
- ^ [1]
- ^ https://www.erasmiaans.nl/2023/01/02/martha-mees/
- ^ Bernstein, Sara Tuvel; Thornton, Louise Loots; Samuels, Marlene Bernstein (1999-05-01). The Seamstress: Sara Tuval Bernstein: 9780425166307: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 0425166309.