Wikipedia

List of Solar System probes

(Redirected from List of space probes)

For a list of active probes only, see List of active Solar System probes. For a list of landers only, see List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies.

This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets, but excludes lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions. Flybys (such as gravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included. Flybys of Earth are listed separately at List of Earth flybys. Planned and proposed missions are in the List of proposed Solar System probes.

Key

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Colour key:

  – Mission or flyby completed successfully (or partially successfully)       – Failed mission
  – Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)
  • † means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA.[1] These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.
  • Date is the date of:
  • closest encounter (flybys)
  • impact (impactors)
  • orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters)
  • landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers)
  • launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch)
In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. As a result of this scheme missions are not always listed in order of launch.
  • Some of the terms used under Type:
  • Flyby: The probe flies by an astronomical body, but does not orbit it
  • Orbiter: Part of a probe that orbits an astronomical body
  • Lander: Part of a probe that descend to the surface of an astronomical body
  • Rover: Part of a probe that acts as a vehicle to move on the solid-surface of an astronomical body
  • Penetrator: Part of a probe that impacts an astronomical body
  • Atmospheric probe or balloon: Part of a probe that descend through or floats in the atmosphere of an astronomical body; not restricted to weather balloons and other atmospheric sounders, as it can also be used for surface and subsurface imaging and remote sensing.
  • Sample return: Parts of the probe return to Earth with physical samples
  • Under Status, in the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

Solar probes

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Main articles: Heliophysics and Sun § Solar space missions

While the Sun is not physically explorable with current technology, the following solar observation probes have been designed and launched to operate in heliocentric orbit or at one of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points – additional solar observatories were placed in Earth orbit and are not included in this list:

1960–1969

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 5   NASA/
  DOD 		March–April 1960 orbiter success measured magnetic field phenomena, solar flare particles, and ionization in the interplanetary region   1960-001A
Pioneer 6(A)   NASA December 1965 – still contactable in 2000 orbiter success network of solar-orbiting "space weather" monitors, observing solar wind, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields   1965-105A
Pioneer 7(B)   NASA August 1966 – still contactable in 1995 orbiter success 1966-075A
Pioneer 8(C)   NASA December 1967 – still contactable in 2001 orbiter success 1967-123A
Pioneer 9(D)   NASA November 1968 – May 1983 orbiter success 1968-100A
Pioneer-E   NASA 27 August 1969 orbiter failure intended as part of the Pioneer 6–9 network; failed to reach orbit   PIONE

1974–1997

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Helios A   DFVLR/
  NASA 		November 1974 – 1982 orbiter success observations of solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust between Earth and Sun   1974-097A
Helios B   DFVLR/
  NASA 		January 1976 – 1985? orbiter success 1976-003A
ISEE-3   NASA 1978–1982 orbiter success observed solar phenomena in conjunction with earth-orbiting ISEE-1 and ISEE-2; later renamed International Cometary Explorer (ICE) and directed to Comet Giacobini-Zinner   1976-003A
Ulysses
(first pass) 		  ESA/
  NASA 		1994 orbiter success south polar observations   1990-090B
1995 north polar observations
WIND   NASA November 1994 – still active as of October 2024[2] orbiter success solar wind measurements   1994-071A
SOHO   ESA/
  NASA 		May 1996 – extended to December 2025[3] orbiter success investigation of Sun's core, corona, and solar wind; comet discoveries   1995-065A
ACE   NASA August 1997 – projected until 2029[4] orbiter success solar wind observations   1997-045A

Since 2000

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Ulysses
(second pass) 		  ESA/
  NASA 		2000 orbiter success south polar observations   1990-090B
2001 north polar observations
Genesis   NASA 2001–2004 orbiter/
sample return 		success solar wind sample return; crash landed on return to Earth, much data salvaged   2001-034A
STEREO A   NASA December 2006 –
still active as of October 2024[5][6][7] 		orbiter success stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena   2006-047A
STEREO B   NASA December 2006 – October 2014.
August 2016 – October 2018
(communication lost between 1 October 2014 and 21 August 2016)
NASA directed that periodic recovery operations of Stereo-B cease with last support on October 17, 2018.[7][8] 		orbiter success stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena   2006-047B
Ulysses
(third pass) 		  ESA/
  NASA 		2007 orbiter success south polar observations   1990-090B
2008 partial success north polar observations; some data returned despite failing power and reduced transmission capacity
DSCOVR   NOAA February 2015 – still active as of October 2024[9] orbiter success solar wind and coronal mass ejection monitoring, as well as Earth climate monitoring   2015-007A [10]
Parker Solar Probe   NASA November 2018 – December 2025 orbiter/flyby
(approach 26 times) 		en route close-range solar coronal study   2018-065A [11]
Solar Orbiter   ESA 10 February 2020 (launch) orbiter en route solar and heliospheric physics   2020-010A [12]
Aditya-L1   ISRO 2 September 2023 (launch) orbiter success Solar corona observation   2023-132A [13][14]

Mercury probes

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Main article: Exploration of Mercury
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Mariner 10   NASA 29 March 1974 flyby success minimum distance 704 km   1973-085A
21 September 1974 48,069 km
16 March 1975 327 km
MESSENGER   NASA 14 January 2008 flyby success minimum distance 200 km   2004-030A
6 October 2008 minimum distance 200 km
29 September 2009 minimum distance 228 km
18 March 2011 –
30 April 2015 		orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit Mercury; unavoidable impact on the surface at end of mission
BepiColombo
(Mercury Cruise System) 		  ESA/
  JAXA 		1 October 2021 flyby success   2018-080A
23 June 2022
19 June 2023
September 2024
December 2024 flyby en route
January 2025
   Mercury
Planetary Orbiter 		  ESA 5 December 2025 (orbital insertion)
14 March 2026 (final MPO orbit) 		orbiter en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)
Mio
(Mercury
Magnetospheric Orbiter) 		  JAXA 5 December 2025 (orbital insertion) orbiter en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)

Venus probes

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Main articles: List of missions to Venus and Exploration of Venus

Early programs encompassing multiple spacecraft include:

1961–1969

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Tyazhely Sputnik   (USSR) 4 February 1961 lander failure failed to escape from Earth orbit 1961-002A
Venera 1   (USSR) 19 May 1961 –
20 May 1961 		flyby failure contact lost 7 days after launch; first spacecraft to fly by another planet 1961-003A
Mariner 1   NASA 22 July 1962 flyby failure guidance failure shortly after launch MARIN1
Sputnik 19   (USSR) 25 August 1962 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1962-040A
Sputnik 20   (USSR) 1 September 1962 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1962-043A
Sputnik 21   (USSR) 12 September 1962 flyby failure third stage exploded 1962-045A
Mariner 2   NASA 14 December 1962 flyby success first successful Venus flyby; minimum distance 34,773 km   1962-041A
Cosmos 21†   (USSR) 11 November 1963 flyby failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1963-044A
Venera 1964A†   (USSR) 19 February 1964 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit [1]
Venera 1964B†   (USSR) 1 March 1964 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit [1]
Cosmos 27   (USSR) 27 March 1964 flyby failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1964-014A
Zond 1   (USSR) 1964 flyby and possible lander failure contact lost en route 1964-016D
Cosmos 96   (USSR) 23 November 1965 lander failure did not depart low Earth orbit due to a launch failure 1965-094A
Venera 1965A†   (USSR) 26 November 1965 flyby failure launch vehicle failure? [1]
Venera 2   (USSR) 27 February 1966 flyby failure ceased to operate en route 1965-091A
Venera 3   (USSR) 1 March 1966 lander failure contact lost before arrival; first spacecraft to impact on the surface of another planet 1965-092A
Kosmos 167   (USSR) 17 June 1967 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1967-063A
Venera 4   (USSR) 18 October 1967 atmospheric probe success continued to transmit to an altitude of 25 km 1967-058A
Mariner 5   NASA 19 October 1967 flyby success minimum distance 5,000 km   1967-060A
Venera 5   (USSR) 16 May 1969 atmospheric probe success transmitted atmospheric data for 53 minutes, to an altitude of about 26 km 1969-001A
Venera 6   (USSR) 17 May 1969 atmospheric probe success transmitted atmospheric data for 51 minutes, to an altitude of perhaps 10–12 km 1969-002A

1970–1978

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Cosmos 359   (USSR) 22 August 1970 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1970-065A
Venera 7   (USSR) 15 December 1970 lander success first successful landing on another planet; signals returned from surface for 23 minutes 1970-060A
Cosmos 482   (USSR) 31 March 1972 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1972-023A
Venera 8   (USSR) 22 July 1972 lander success signals returned from surface for 50 minutes 1972-021A
Mariner 10   NASA 5 February 1974 flyby success minimum distance 5768 km, en route to Mercury; first use of gravity assist by an interplanetary spacecraft   1973-085A
Venera 9   (USSR) 1975 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit Venus; communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies   1975-050A
22 October 1975 lander success first images from the surface; operated on surface for 53 minutes 1975-050D
Venera 10   (USSR) 1975 orbiter success communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies   1975-054A
23 October 1975 lander success transmitted from surface for 65 minutes 1975-054D
Pioneer Venus Orbiter   NASA 4 December 1978 –
1992 		orbiter success atmospheric and magnetic studies   1978-051A
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe   NASA 9 December 1978  
bus probe transporter success deployed four atmospheric probes, then burnt up in Venusian atmosphere, continuing to transmit to 110 km altitude 1978-078A
large probe atmospheric probe success 1978-078D
north probe atmospheric probe success 1978-078E
day probe atmospheric probe success survived impact and continued to transmit from surface for over an hour 1978-078G
night probe atmospheric probe success 1978-078F
Venera 12   SAS
flight platform 21 December 1978 flyby success minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay 1978-086A
descent craft 21 December 1978 lander partial success soft landing; transmissions returned for 110 minutes; failure of some instruments 1978-086C
Venera 11   SAS identical to Venera 12
   flight platform 25 December 1978 flyby success minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay 1978-084A
descent craft 25 December 1978 lander partial success soft landing; transmissions returned for 95 minutes; failure of some instruments 1978-084D

1982–1999

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Venera 13   SAS
   bus 1 March 1982 flyby success deployed lander and then acted as communications relay   1981-106A
descent craft 1 March 1982 lander success survived on surface for 127 minutes 1981-106D
Venera 14   SAS identical to Venera 13
bus 5 March 1982 flyby success deployed lander and then acted as communications relay   1981-110A
descent craft 5 March 1982 lander success survived on surface for 57 minutes 1981-110D
Venera 15   SAS 1983–1984 orbiter success radar mapping 1983-053A
Venera 16   SAS 1983–1984 orbiter success radar mapping; identical to Venera 15 1983-054A
Vega 1   SAS 11 June 1985 flyby success went on to fly by Halley's comet   1984-125A
lander failure instruments deployed prematurely 1984-125E
atmospheric balloon success floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours   1984-125F
Vega 2   SAS 15 June 1985 flyby success went on to fly by Halley's comet   1984-128A
lander success transmitted from surface for 56 minutes 1984-128E
atmospheric balloon success floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours   1984-128F
Galileo   NASA 10 February 1990 flyby success gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 16,000 km   1989-084B[15]
Magellan   NASA 10 August 1990 –
12 October 1994 		orbiter success global radar mapping   1989-033B [16]
Cassini   NASA/
  ESA/
  ASI 		26 April 1998 flyby success gravity assist en route to Saturn   1997-061A [17]
24 June 1999

Since 2006

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Venus Express   ESA 11 April 2006 – 18 January 2015 orbiter success atmospheric studies; planetary imaging; magnetic observations   2005-045A
MESSENGER   NASA 24 October 2006 flyby success gravity assist only; minimum distance 2990 km   2004-030A
6 June 2007 success minimum distance 300 km; en route to Mercury
Akatsuki
(PLANET-C) 		  JAXA 6 December 2010 (Venus flyby) orbiter failure failed orbital insertion in 2010; success in 2015
science mission began May 2016, contact lost April 2024, end of mission declared May 2024 		  2010-020D
7 December 2015 (orbital insertion) – 29 May 2024 orbiter success
IKAROS   JAXA 8 December 2010 flyby[18] success solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration   2010-020E [19]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1) 		  UNISEC December 2010? flyby[20] failure contact lost shortly after launch 2010-020F [21][22]
Parker Solar Probe   NASA 10 October 2018 flyby success gravity assist en route to solar corona   2018-065A [11]
26 December 2019
11 July 2020
BepiColombo
(first pass) 		  ESA/
  JAXA 		15 October 2020 flyby success gravity assist en route to Mercury; minimum approach distance was about 10,720 km[23]   2018-080A
Solar Orbiter   ESA 27 December 2020 flyby success gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations 2020-010A [12]
Parker Solar Probe   NASA 20 February 2021 flyby success gravity assist en route to solar corona   2018-065A [11]
Solar Orbiter   ESA 9 August 2021 flyby success gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations 2020-010A [12]
BepiColombo
(second pass) 		  ESA/
  JAXA 		10 August 2021 flyby success gravity assist en route to Mercury, during which it may study Venus' atmosphere and solar environment   2018-080A
Parker Solar Probe   NASA 16 October 2021 flyby success gravity assist en route to solar corona   2018-065A [11]
Solar Orbiter   ESA 4 September 2022 flyby success gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations 2020-010A [12]
Parker Solar Probe   NASA 21 August 2023 flyby success gravity assist en route to solar corona   2018-065A [11]
6 November 2024
Solar Orbiter   ESA February 2025 flyby en route gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit 2020-010A [12]
JUICE   ESA August 2025 flyby en route gravity assist en route to Jupiter   [24]
Solar Orbiter   ESA December 2026 flyby en route gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit 2020-010A [12]

Earth flybys

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See List of Earth flybys

In addition, several planetary probes have sent back observations of the Earth-Moon system shortly after launch, most notably Mariner 10, Pioneers 10 and 11 and both Voyager probes (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2).

Lunar probes

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See List of lunar probes

Mars probes

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Main articles: Exploration of Mars and List of missions to Mars

Major early programs encompassing multiple probes include:

1960–1969

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Mars 1M No.1   USSR 10 October 1960 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit MARSNK1
Mars 1M No.2   USSR 14 October 1960 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit MARSNK2
Mars 1962A   USSR 24 October 1962 flyby failure exploded in or en route to Earth orbit 1962-057A
Mars 1962B   USSR 11 November 1962 (launch) lander failure broke up during transfer to Mars trajectory 1962-062A
Mars 1   USSR 19 June 1963 flyby failure contact lost en route; flew within approximately 193,000 km of Mars 1962-061A
Mariner 3   NASA 5 November 1964 flyby failure protective shield failed to eject, preventing craft from attaining correct trajectory   1964-073A
Mariner 4   NASA 15 July 1965 flyby success first close-up images of Mars   1964-077A
Zond 2   USSR 6 August 1965 flyby failure contact lost en route; flew within 1,500 km of Mars 1964-078C
Mariner 6   NASA 31 July 1969 flyby success   1969-014A
Mariner 7   NASA 5 August 1969 flyby success   1969-030A
Mars 1969A   USSR 27 March 1969 (launch) orbiter failure launch failure MARS69A
Mars 1969B   USSR 2 April 1969 (launch) orbiter failure launch failure MARS69B

1971–1976

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Mariner 8   NASA 9 May 1971 (launch) orbiter failure launch vehicle failure   MARINH
Kosmos 419   USSR 10 May 1971 (launch) orbiter failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1971-042A
Mariner 9   NASA 14 November 1971 –
27 October 1972 		orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit another planet   1971-051A
Mars 2   USSR 27 November 1971 –
22 August 1972 		orbiter success first Soviet spacecraft to orbit another planet   1971-045A
   Mars 2 Lander   USSR 27 November 1971 lander failure crashed; first manmade object to reach surface of Mars 1971-045D
   PrOP-M   USSR 27 November 1971 rover failure never activated  
Mars 3   USSR 2 December 1971 –
22 August 1972 		orbiter partial success attained a different orbit than intended due to insufficient fuel   1971-049A
Mars 3 Lander   USSR 2 December 1971 lander partial success first soft landing on Mars; contact lost 110 sec after soft landing, first picture from surface 1971-049F
   PrOP-M   USSR 2 December 1971 rover failure never activated  
Mars 4   USSR 10 February 1974 orbiter failure orbit insertion failed, became flyby 1973-047A
Mars 5   USSR 12 February 1974 –
28 February 1974 		orbiter success 1973-049A
Mars 6   USSR 12 March 1974 flyby success 1973-052A
Mars 6 Lander   USSR 12 March 1974 lander failure contact lost 148 sec after parachute deployment (returned 224 seconds of atmospheric data)
Mars 7   USSR 9 March 1974 flyby success 1973-053A
Mars 7 Lander   USSR 9 March 1974 lander failure missed Mars
Viking 1 Orbiter   NASA 19 June 1976 –
17 August 1980 		orbiter success 1975-075A
Viking 1 Lander   NASA 20 July 1976 –
13 November 1982 		lander success   1975-075C
Viking 2 Orbiter   NASA 7 August 1976 –
25 July 1978 		orbiter success 1975-083A
Viking 2 Lander   NASA 3 September 1976 –
11 April 1980 		lander success   1975-083C

1988–1999

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Phobos 1   USSR 7 July 1988 (launch) orbiter failure contact lost en route to Mars   1988-058A
Phobos 2   USSR 29 January 1989 –
27 March 1989 		orbiter partial success Mars orbit acquired, but contact lost shortly before Phobos approach phase and deployment of Phobos landers   1988-059A
Mars Observer   NASA 25 September 1992 (launch) orbiter failure contact lost shortly before Mars orbit insertion 1992-063A
Mars 96   RKA 16 November 1996 (launch) orbiter failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1996-064A
lander   MARS96B
lander MARS96C
penetrator   MARS96D
penetrator MARS96E
Mars Pathfinder   NASA 4 July 1997 –
27 September 1997 		lander success 1996-068A
    Sojourner   NASA 6 July 1997 –
27 September 1997 		rover success first Mars rover   MESURPR
Mars Global Surveyor   NASA 12 September 1997 –
2 November 2006 		orbiter success   1996-062A
Mars Climate Orbiter   NASA 23 September 1999 orbiter failure Mars orbit insertion failed due to navigation error. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.   1998-073A
Mars Polar Lander   NASA 3 December 1999 lander failure Contact lost just prior to entering Martian atmosphere. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.   1999-001A
Deep Space 2 "Amundsen"   NASA 3 December 1999 penetrator   DEEPSP2
Deep Space 2 "Scott"   NASA 3 December 1999 penetrator

2001–2009

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
2001 Mars Odyssey   NASA 24 October 2001 – still active as of October 2024[25] orbiter success studying climate and geology; communications relay for Spirit and Opportunity rovers
longest surviving spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth 		  2001-013A
Nozomi   ISAS 14 December 2003 orbiter failure failed to attain Mars orbit, became flyby 1998-041A
Mars Express   ESA 25 December 2003 – still active as of October 2024[26] orbiter success surface imaging and mapping; first European probe in Martian orbit   2003-022A
   Beagle 2   UK 25 December 2003 lander failure Deployed by the Mars Express; lost for 11 years and imaged by NASA's MRO in 2015[27]   2003-022C
Mars Exploration Rover-A "Spirit"   NASA 4 January 2004 – 22 March 2010 rover success became stuck in May 2009; then operating as a static science station until contact lost in March 2010   2003-027A
Mars Exploration Rover-B "Opportunity"   NASA 25 January 2004 – 10 June 2018 rover success lost contact 10 June 2018 due to 2018 global dust storm. NASA concluded mission on 13 February 2019 after failed communication attempts since August 2018.   2003-032A
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter   NASA 10 March 2006 – still active as of October 2024[28] orbiter success surface imaging and surveying   2005-029A
Rosetta   ESA 25 February 2007 flyby success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters   2004-006A
Phoenix   NASA 25 May 2008 –
10 November 2008 		lander success collection of soil samples near the northern pole to search for water and investigate Mars' geological history and biological potential   2007-034A [29]
Dawn   NASA 17 February 2009 flyby success gravity assist en route to Vesta and Ceres   2007-043A

2011–2018

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Fobos-Grunt   RKA 8 November 2011 (launch) orbiter and Phobos sample return failure failed to escape Earth orbit 2011-065A
    Yinghuo-1   CNSA orbiter YINGHUO-1
Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity   NASA 6 August 2012 – rover success investigation of past and present habitability, climate and geology   2011-070A [30]
Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission   ISRO 24 September 2014 – 27 September 2022 orbiter success first Indian spacecraft to orbit another planet, studying Martian atmosphere; mineralogical mapping.   2013-060A [31][32]
MAVEN   NASA 25 September 2014 – orbiter success studying Martian atmosphere   2013-063A [33]
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ExoMars 2016)   ESA/
  RKA 		19 October 2016 – orbiter success atmospheric gas analysis; communication relay for surface probes   2016-017A [34]
    Schiaparelli EDM lander   ESA 19 October 2016 lander failure landing test, meteorological observation, crashed upon landing[35]  
InSight   NASA 26 November 2018 – 21 December 2022 lander success studied the deep interior of Mars, with a seismometer and a heat-flow probe.[36]   2018-042A [37]
MarCO A "WALL-E"   NASA 26 November 2018 flyby success relaying data from InSight during its entry, descent, and landing
 
 2018-042B
MarCO B "EVE"   NASA 26 November 2018 flyby success 2018-042C

Since 2020

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Emirates Mars Mission   MBRSC 9 February 2021 – orbiter in orbit conduct studies of Martian atmosphere 2020-047A [38]
Tianwen-1 orbiter   CNSA 10 February 2021 - orbiter in orbit orbital studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere 2020-049A [39][40][41][42][43]
    Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 1   CNSA ~10 February 2021 flyby (post mission) success imaged Tianwen-1 in deep space
    Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2   CNSA 10 February 2021 (released on 31 December 2021) orbiter success imaged Tianwen-1 orbiter and Northern Mars Ice Caps from Mars orbit.
    Tianwen-1 lander   CNSA 14 May 2021 lander success Reaches end of designed lifespan after successful soft landing.
    Zhurong   CNSA 22 May 2021 - 5 May 2022 rover success in-situ studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere
    Tianwen-1 Remote Camera   CNSA 1 June 2021 lander success imaged Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover on Mars
Mars 2020 Perseverance   NASA 18 February 2021 - rover landed investigate past and present habitability, climate, and geology; produce O2 from CO2; collect samples for Mars Sample Return Mission   2020-052A [44]
    Mars Helicopter Ingenuity   NASA 3 April 2021 - 25 January 2024 autonomous UAV helicopter success experimental scout for the Perseverance rover. Took 1st flight successfully from takeoff to landing.  
Europa Clipper   NASA 14 October 2024 (launch)
27 February 2025 (planned) 		orbiter enroute planned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times   EUROPA-CL[45]
Hera   ESA 7 October 2024 (launch)
March 2025 (flyby) 		flyby enroute gravity assist en route to Didymos   HERA[46][47]
Psyche   NASA 13 October 2023 (launch)
May 2026 (flyby) 		flyby enroute gravity assist en route to Psyche   2023-157A[48]

Phobos probes

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Phobos 1   USSR 7 July 1988 (launch) flyby failure contact lost en route to Mars   1988-058A
   DAS   USSR 2 September 1988 fixed lander failure never deployed
Phobos 2   USSR 27 March 1989 (contact lost) flyby failure attained Mars orbit; contact lost prior to deployment of lander   1988-059A
   DAS   USSR 27 March 1989 fixed lander failure never deployed
   "Frog"   USSR 27 March 1989 mobile lander failure never deployed
Fobos-Grunt   RKA 8 November 2011 (launch) sample return failure failed to escape Earth orbit; launched with Yinghuo-1 Mars orbiter 2011-065A

Ceres probes

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Dawn   NASA 6 March 2015 – 1 November 2018 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; previously visited Vesta   2007-043A

Asteroid probes

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Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
951 Gaspra Galileo   NASA 29 October 1991 flyby success en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 1900 km   1989-084B[15]
243 Ida Galileo   NASA 28 August 1993 flyby success en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 2400 km; discovery of the first asteroid satellite Dactyl   1989-084B[15]
1620 Geographos Clementine   BMDO/
  NASA 		1994 flyby failure flyby cancelled due to equipment malfunction   1994-004A
253 Mathilde NEAR
Shoemaker 		  NASA 27 June 1997 flyby success flew within 1200 km of 253 Mathilde en route to 433 Eros   1996-008A
433 Eros NEAR
Shoemaker 		  NASA January 1999 orbiter failure became flyby due to software and communications problems (later attempt at orbit insertion succeeded; see below)   1996-008A
9969 Braille Deep Space 1   NASA 29 July 1999 flyby partial success no close-up images due to camera pointing error; went on to visit comet 19P/Borrelly   1998-061A
2685 Masursky Cassini   NASA/
  ESA/
  ASI 		23 January 2000 distant flyby success en route to Saturn   1997-061A
433 Eros NEAR
Shoemaker 		  NASA February 2000 –
February 2001 		orbiter, became lander success improvised landing by orbiter at end of mission   1996-008A
5535 Annefrank Stardust   NASA 2 November 2002 distant flyby success went on to visit comet 81P/Wild   1999-003A
25143 Itokawa Hayabusa   ISAS 2005–07 sample return success 2005: landed and collected dust grains.
2010: sample returned. 		  2003-019A
    MINERVA   ISAS 12 November 2005 hopper failure missed target
132524 APL New Horizons   NASA June 2006 distant flyby success flew past Pluto successfully 2006-001A
2867 Šteins Rosetta   ESA 5 September 2008 flyby success en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko   2004-006A
21 Lutetia Rosetta   ESA 11 July 2010 flyby success en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko   2004-006A
4 Vesta Dawn   NASA 16 July 2011 – 5 September 2012 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; now orbiting Ceres   2007-043A
4179 Toutatis Chang'e 2   CNSA 13 December 2012 flyby success came within 3.2 km (2.0 mi) to Toutatis 2010-050A
2000 DP107 PROCYON   University of Tokyo / JAXA 12 May 2016[49] flyby failure launched with Hayabusa2 in 2014; mission abandoned after ion thruster failure[50] 2014-076D
162173 Ryugu Hayabusa2   JAXA 27 June 2018 – 13 November 2019 sample return success asteroid rendezvous in June 2018, sample capture in 2019; returned sample to Earth on 5 December 2020 2014-076A
    Minerva II-1A   JAXA 21 September 2018 hopper success
    Minerva II-1B   JAXA 21 September 2018 hopper success
    MASCOT   DLR/
  CNES 		3 October 2018 mobile lander success
    SCI   JAXA 5 April 2019 impactor success
    DCAM-3   JAXA 5 April 2019 orbiter success observing SCI's impact, and the ejecta created by the impact
    Minerva II-2   JAXA 2 October 2019 hopper failure Rover failed before deployment, it was deployed in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted on 8 October 2019.
101955 Bennu OSIRIS-REx   NASA August 2018 sample return success orbital insertion in 2018, sample capture in 2020, a flyby in 2021, return to Earth in 2023   2016-055A
2002 GT Deep Impact   NASA January 2020[51] flyby failure contact lost; previously visited comet 103P/Hartley   2005-001A
65803 Didymos DART   NASA 26 September 2022 flyby/impactor success kinetic impactor of Dimorphos to test planetary defense   2021-110A[52]
    LICIACube   ASI 26 September 2022 flyby success observe DART's impact  
2020 GE (tentative) Near-Earth Asteroid Scout   NASA 16 November 2022 (launch) flyby failure Small spacecraft asteroid flyby technology demonstration. Communication failure   NEA-SCOUT[53]
152830 Dinkinesh Lucy   NASA 1 November 2023 flyby success main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans; minimum distance 425 km; discovered a natural satellite of the asteroid   2021-093A[48]
52246 Donaldjohanson Lucy   NASA April 2025 flyby en route main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans   2021-093A[48]


98943 Torifune Hayabusa2   JAXA 2026 flyby en route 2014-076A[54]
3548 Eurybates Lucy   NASA August 2027 flyby en route First flyby of a Jupiter trojan   2021-093A
15094 Polymele Lucy   NASA September 2027 flyby en route   2021-093A
65803 Didymos Hera   ESA 2027 orbiter en route studying effects of DART's impact on the asteroid   HERA[46][47]
    Milani   ESA 2027 orbiter en route to be deployed from Hera
    Juventas   ESA 2027 orbiter en route to be deployed from Hera
(65803) Dimorphos Milani   ESA Orbiter/lander en route [47]
11351 Leucus Lucy   NASA April 2028 flyby en route   2021-093A
21900 Orus Lucy   NASA November 2028 flyby en route   2021-093A


223 Rosa JUICE   ESA 14 April 2023 (launch)
2028 (flyby) 		Flyby en route en route to Jupiter and its moons   [55]
99942 Apophis OSIRIS-APEX (formerly OSIRIS-REx)   NASA April 2029 orbiter en route study of a C-type asteroid in 2029   2016-055A[56]
16 Psyche Psyche   NASA 13 October 2023 (launch)
August 2029 (arrival) 		orbiter en route Selected for mission #14 of NASA's Discovery Program to explore a metallic asteroid.   2023-157A[48]
1998 KY26 Hayabusa2   JAXA 2030 flyby en route flyby of a fast rotator asteroid 2014-076A[54]
Patroclus and Menoetius Lucy   NASA March 2033 flyby en route First flyby of a Trojan Camp Jupiter Trojan   2021-093A


Jupiter probes

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Main article: Exploration of Jupiter
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 10   NASA 3 December 1973 flyby success first probe to cross the asteroid belt; first Jupiter probe; first man-made object on an interstellar trajectory; now in the outer regions of the Solar System but no longer contactable   1972-012A
Pioneer 11   NASA 4 December 1974 flyby success went on to visit Saturn   1973-019A
Voyager 1   NASA 5 March 1979 flyby success went on to visit Saturn   1977-084A
Voyager 2   NASA 9 July 1979 flyby success went on to visit Saturn, Uranus and Neptune   1977-076A
Ulysses
(first pass) 		  ESA/
  NASA 		February 1992 flyby success gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations   1990-090B
Galileo Orbiter   NASA 7 December 1995 –
21 September 2003 		orbiter success also flew by various of Jupiter's moons; intentionally flown into Jupiter at end of mission; first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter; first spacecraft to flyby an asteroid   1989-084B
   Galileo Probe   NASA 7 December 1995 atmospheric probe success first probe to enter Jupiter's atmosphere   1989-084E
Cassini   NASA/
  ESA/
  ASI 		December 2000 flyby success gravity assist en route to Saturn   1997-061A
Ulysses
(second pass) 		  ESA/
  NASA 		2003–04 distant flyby success   1990-090B
New Horizons   NASA 28 February 2007 flyby success gravity assist en route to Pluto 2006-001A
Juno   NASA 5 July 2016 – July 2018, extended to July 2021 and then September 2025[57][58][59] orbiter success First solar-powered Jupiter orbiter, first mission to achieve a polar orbit of Jupiter.   2011-040A
JUICE   ESA 14 April 2023 (launch) orbiter en route mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.   [55]
Europa Clipper   NASA 14 October 2024 (launch)
11 April 2030 (planned) 		orbiter en route planned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times   EUROPA-CL[60]


Ganymede probes

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
JUICE   ESA 14 April 2023 (launch) orbiter en route mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.   [55]

Saturn probes

edit
Main article: Exploration of Saturn
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 11   NASA 1 September 1979 flyby success previously visited Jupiter   1973-019A
Voyager 1   NASA 12 November 1980 flyby success previously visited Jupiter   1977-084A
Voyager 2   NASA 5 August 1981 flyby success previously visited Jupiter, went on to visit Uranus and Neptune   1977-076A
Cassini   NASA/
  ESA/
  ASI 		1 July 2004 – 15 September 2017 orbiter success also performed flybys of a number of Saturn's moons, and deployed the Huygens Titan lander; first spacecraft to orbit Saturn   1997-061A

Titan probes

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Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Huygens   ESA 14 January 2005 atmospheric probe, lander success deployed by Cassini; first probe to land on a satellite of another planet   1997-061C[61]

Uranus probes

edit
Main article: Exploration of Uranus
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Voyager 2   NASA 24 January 1986 flyby success previously visited Jupiter and Saturn; went on to visit Neptune   1977-076A


Neptune probes

edit
Main article: Exploration of Neptune
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Voyager 2   NASA 25 August 1989 flyby success previously visited Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus   1977-076A


Pluto probes

edit
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
New Horizons   NASA 14 July 2015 flyby success later flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.   2006-001A

Comet probes

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Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
21P/Giacobini-Zinner ICE (formerly ISEE3)   NASA 11 September 1985 flyby success previously solar monitor ISEE3; went on to observe Halley's Comet   1978-079A
1P/Halley Vega 1   SAS 6 March 1986 flyby success minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus   1984-125A
1P/Halley Suisei   ISAS 8 March 1986 flyby success 151,000 km   1985-073A
1P/Halley Vega 2   SAS 9 March 1986 flyby success minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus   1984-128A
1P/Halley Sakigake   ISAS March 1986 distant flyby partial success minimum distance 6.99 million km   1985-001A
1P/Halley Giotto   ESA 14 March 1986 flyby success minimum distance 596 km; went on to visit comet 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup   1985-056A
1P/Halley ICE (formerly ISEE3)   NASA 28 March 1986 distant obser-
vations 		success minimum distance 32 million km; previously visited comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner   1978-079A
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup Giotto   ESA 10 July 1992 flyby success previously visited Halley's Comet   1985-056A
45P/
Honda–Mrkos–Pajdusakova 		Sakigake   ISAS 1996 flyby failure contact lost; previously visited Halley's Comet   1985-001A
21P/Giacobini-Zinner Sakigake   ISAS 1998 flyby failure
55P/Tempel-Tuttle Suisei   ISAS 1998 flyby failure abandoned due to lack of fuel; previously visited Halley's Comet   1985-073A
21P/Giacobini-Zinner Suisei   ISAS 1998 flyby failure
107P/Wilson-Harrington Deep Space 1   NASA January 2001 flyby failure abandoned due to problems with the star tracker, but was re-tasked to fly by comet 19P/Borrelly   1998-061A
19P/Borrelly Deep Space 1   NASA 22 September 2001 flyby success previously visited asteroid 9969 Braille   1998-061A
2P/Encke CONTOUR   NASA 2003 flyby failure contact lost shortly after launch   2002-034A
81P/Wild Stardust   NASA 2 January 2004 flyby, sample return success sample returned January 2006; also visited asteroid 5535 Annefrank   1999-003A
9P/Tempel Deep Impact   NASA July 2005 flyby success   2005-001A
    Impactor   NASA 4 July 2005 impactor success
73P/
Schwassmann-Wachmann 		CONTOUR   NASA 2006 flyby failure contact lost shortly after launch   2002-034A
6P/d'Arrest CONTOUR   NASA 2008 flyby failure contact lost shortly after launch   2002-034A
103P/Hartley Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI)   NASA 4 November 2010 flyby success mission extension (target changed from comet Boethin)   2005-001A
9P/Tempel Stardust (redesignated NExT)   NASA 14 February 2011 flyby success mission extension   1999-003A
67P/Churyumov–
Gerasimenko 		Rosetta   ESA 6 August 2014 – 30 September 2016 orbiter success flybys of asteroids 2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia completed; intentionally impacted at end of mission   2004-006A
    Philae   ESA 12 November 2014 – 9 July 2015 lander success   2004-006C


Kuiper belt probes

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Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
486958 Arrokoth New Horizons   NASA 1 January 2019 flyby success extended mission after Pluto; may flyby another object in 2020s.[62]   2006-001A


Probes leaving the Solar System

edit
See also: List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System and Interstellar probe
Spacecraft Organization Status Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 10   NASA success Left Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended March 1997. Last contact 23 January 2003. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.   1972-012A
Pioneer 11   NASA success Left Saturn in September 1979. Last contact September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be maneuvered to point to Earth. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.   1973-019A
Voyager 1   NASA success Left Saturn in November 1980. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.   1977-084A
Voyager 2   NASA success Left Neptune in August 1989. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.   1977-076A
New Horizons   NASA success Left Pluto 14 July 2015; flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth on 1 January 2019 when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.   2006-001A

Other probes to leave Earth orbit

edit

For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not primarily targeted at any of the above bodies.

Spacecraft Organization Date Location Status Notes Image Ref
WMAP   NASA 30 June 2001 (launch) –
October 2010 (end)[63] 		Sun-Earth L2 point success cosmic background radiation observations; sent to graveyard orbit after 9 years of use.[63]   2001-027A
Spitzer Space Telescope   NASA 25 August 2003 (launch) –
30 January 2020 (end) 		Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit success infrared astronomy 2003-038A
Kepler   NASA 6 March 2009 (launch) - 2018 Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit success search for extrasolar planets   2009-011A [64]
Herschel Space Observatory   ESA 14 May 2009 (launch) Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point success study of formation and evolution of galaxies and stars   2009-026A
Planck   ESA 14 May 2009 (launch) - 2013 Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point success cosmic microwave background observations 2009-026B
IKAROS   JAXA 20 May 2010 (launch) Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit operational solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration   2010-020E [19]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1) 		  UNISEC failure technology development; contact lost shortly after launch[22] 2010-020F [21]
Chang'e 2   CNSA 25 August 2011 (arrive) –
15 April 2012 (end) 		Sun-Earth L2 point success Left the point on 15 April 2012, then flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis 2010-050A
Gaia   ESA 19 December 2013 (launch) Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point success astrometry mission to measure the position and motion of 1 billion stars 2013-074A [65]
Shin'en 2   Kyushu Institute of Technology 3 December 2014 (launch) heliocentric orbit success amateur radio satellite / material demonstration 2014-076B[66]
ARTSAT2:DESPATCH   Tama Art University success deep space artwork / amateur radio satellite 2014-076C[67]
LISA Pathfinder   ESA 3 December 2015 (launch)[68] –
30 June 2017 (end) 		Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1 point success test mission for proposed LISA gravitational wave observatory   2015-070A [69]
Spektr-RG     13 July 2019 (launch) Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point operational X-ray astronomy 2019-040A[70]
Chang'e 5   CNSA 23 November 2020 (launch) -
30 August 2021 (left L1) 		Halo orbit about Sun-Earth L1 point success test mission post lunar sample return 2020-087A[71][72][73]
James Webb Space Telescope   NASA
  ESA
  CSA 		25 December 2021 (launch) Sun-Earth L2 point in orbit infrared astronomy   2021-130A[74]
ArgoMoon   ASI 16 November 2022 (launch) High Earth Orbit with Lunar Flybys (heliocentric) in orbit image the ICPS and perform deep space Nanotechnology experiments.   ARGOMOON
BioSentinel   NASA heliocentric orbit in orbit it contains yeast cards that will be rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the effects of deep space radiation.   BIOSENTNL
Team Miles   Fluid & Reason failure demonstrate low-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space. Deployed, but contact was not established.[75] TEAMMILES
CuSP   NASA 16 November 2022 heliocentric orbit failure study particles and magnetic fields.   CUSP
Euclid   ESA 1 July 2023 (launch) Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point enroute measure the rate of expansion of the Universe through time to better understand dark energy and dark matter   [76]
Chang'e 6   CNSA 3 May 2024 (launch) - Halo orbit about Sun-Earth L2 point success on extended test mission post lunar sample return CHANG-E-6
[77]

See also

edit

References

edit
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