Wikipedia

List of spits of Ukraine

Spits (Ukrainian: Коса, romanized: Kosa), also called sandspits, are long, narrow coastal landforms that resemble sandbars or embankments and protrude into a body of water from a headland. Spits are formed by the process of longshore drift, in which waves impact the headland at a sharp angle, depositing sediment and causing the water's currents to transport the sediment down the beach, allowing it to accumulate in the area of the spit. Through the process of wave shoaling, this accumulated sediment becomes increasingly curved, resembling the appearance of a fish hook as the waves refract around the spit's end.[5][6][7] Often lagoons and salt marshes will form behind spits.[8][9]

Satellite image of the Azov Sea, with major spits of both Russia and Ukraine numbered.
Satellite image of the Azov Sea with major spits labeled. Spits of Ukraine, in order, 1. Arabat, 2. Byriuchyi/Fedotova [uk],[a] 3. Obytichna [uk], 4. Berdiansk [uk], 5. Bilosaraiska [uk], and 6. Kryva [uk]. The Komysh-Burunska Spit [uk], although present in the image (near Russia's Chushka Spit numbered 13), is too small to see and is not marked itself. Ukraine's other spits are not shown.[4]
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

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Numerous spits are located across the territory of Ukraine, including on the Sea of Azov and Black Sea's coasts as well as on the shores of major rivers.[citation needed] Due to natural and artificial changes, a number of islands in the country have become geographic spits as the straits separating them from the mainland have been filled,[citation needed] such as following the start of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine when Russian troops connected the then-largest island in Ukraine, Dzharylhach, to the mainland.[b][11] There are also some geographic features that alternate in their classification as an island or as a spit based on variable weather and sea conditions, most notably Byriuchyi Island, which typically becomes an island in the autumn months when its narrow isthmus connection to the mainland is flooded by higher tides.[3] In addition, there are several landforms commonly referred to as spits which are geographically islands, such as Tendra Spit in western Kherson Oblast, which is separated from the mainland by a strait.[13][14]

Historically, in classical antiquity, Tendra Spit and nearby Dzharylhach to the east both connected to the mainland coast to form a single, continuous spit called the Course of Achilles.[c][15] Based on the combined current land areas of Tendra Spit and Dzharylhach[full citation needed] as well as historical records, the Course of Achilles would have had a total area of between approximately 68.89 km2 (26.60 sq mi) and 315.4 km2 (121.8 sq mi),[d] making it one of the largest spits in Ukraine at that time.[15] The largest spit in Ukraine currently, and one of the largest spits in the world, is the Arabat Spit, which separates the western parts of the Sea of Azov from the Syvash, a large area of salty, shallow lagoons in Crimea.[17][18][19] Since the Russian occupation of much of Ukraine's coastlines, many spits and other landforms under Russian control have experienced significant damage or artificial alterations.[citation needed]

Political status

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Following the Russian occupation and annexation of Crimea in 2014, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea-portion of the Arabat Spit, as well as additional smaller spits located on the Crimean peninsula, came under the control of Russian forces, who de facto administered the territory as part of the unrecognized Russian Republic of Crimea.[20][21] Parts of the small, northern segment of the spit administratively located in Kherson Oblast, including the village of Strilkove, were also briefly occupied by unmarked Russian soldiers beginning from 15 March before their withdrawal on 9 December 2014.[22][23] After the Donbas war, the Kryva Spit located in Donetsk Oblast was also occupied in 2014, with pro-Russian militants taking the spit's area and neighboring settlement of Siedove.[24][25]

From the withdrawal of the Russian troops in December until the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, the northern parts of the Arabat Spit were amongst the few areas geographically part of the Crimean peninsula that stayed under the control of Ukrainian authorities,[4][full citation needed] while the Kryva Spit remained under the control of separatist forces as part of the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic.[20] After the start of the full-scale invasion, the remaining northern segment of the Arabat Spit as well as the rest of Ukraine's Azov Sea coastline (including the five spits still under the control of Ukrainian authorities before 2022), were occupied by Russian forces.[20][26][4] In addition, following their offensive into and occupation of Kherson Oblast, Russian troops also occupied the Kinburn and Bili Kuchuhury spits.[27][28][29][4] The occupied spits were all integrated into Russia following its unilateral annexation of separatist-controlled and other Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine on 30 September 2022.[30] Since 2022, many of Ukraine's spits, including all of its Azov Sea spits, have been under Russian de facto control while the United Nations and most of the international community continue to recognize the territories as de jure part of Ukraine.[4][31][32][33]

Spits

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Byriuchyi Island is the larger portion of the feature shown while Fedotova Spit [uk] is the very narrow part that connects Byriuchyi to the mainland.[1][2] Depending on weather and sea conditions, Byriuchyi alternates between being a geographic spit extending from Fedotova Spit's land and an island separated from Fedotova Spit by a narrow strait.[3]
  2. ^ a b Russian troops filled in with sand the strait separating Dzharylhach from the mainland in May 2023, making it a geographic spit. Before the strait was filled, Dzharylhach had been the largest island by area in Ukraine.[10][11][12]
  3. ^ Also called Dromos Achilles (Achilles' Drome).[15][16]
  4. ^ According to Strabo's Geographica, between the 1st century BC and early 1st century AD, the Course of Achilles had a length of 1,000 stadia and a width between four plethra (an ancient Greek unit smaller than stadia) and two stadia, which would have equated to a maximum calculated area of approximately 315.4 km2 (121.8 sq mi).[15]
  5. ^ Links to the Ukrainian Wikipedia articles for each spit
  6. ^ Spits without a recorded area are marked with a dash (—).
  7. ^ Spits without a recorded peak elevation are marked with a dash (—).
  8. ^ The name Арабатська Стрілка (Arabatska Strilka) translates to Arabat Arrow or Arrow of Arabat. Arabat Spit in Ukrainian is Арабатська Коса (Arabatska Kosa).[citation needed]
  9. ^ Mostly located in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, with a smaller portion in Kherson Oblast.[citation needed]
  10. ^ Links to the Ukrainian Wikipedia page for Arrow Spit Bird Reserve, which includes the territory of the spit as well as surrounding areas.[39][40] There is currently no separate article on Wikipedia for the spit itself.
  11. ^ The spit borders immediately next to the administrative boundary between Mykolaiv and Odesa Oblast, although it is located fully within the territory of Odesa Oblast.[35]
  12. ^ The protected area of the Arrow Spit Bird Reserve, which includes the Arrow Spit itself and surrounding wetlands, is 3.94 km2 (1.52 sq mi). The area of the reserve that is geographically part of the spit is not indicated.[39][40]
  13. ^ The protected area of the Bakalska Spit Regional Landscape Park, which includes the Bakalska Spit itself, Bakkal lake [uk], and surrounding features, is 15.2 km2 (5.9 sq mi).[41] Of this area, according to the park's posted information at its visitor center in 2012, 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) makes up Bakalska Spit, 8.1 km2 (3.1 sq mi) makes up Bakkal lake, and 4.1 km2 (1.6 sq mi) makes up the park's "Coastal Aquatic Complex".[42] After strong storms passed through the area in 2005 and 2007, part of the spit's northern end was separated by the sea and turned into an island.[43][44] In April 2008, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine issued a permit for limited commercial sand mining from the Bakalska sand bank deposit, located 7 km (23,000 ft) outside the borders of the landscape park.[45] Following local concerns of potential damage to the environmental state of the spit caused by the nearby operations and illegal commercial sand mining activities on the spit itself,[46][47] particularly in 2012,[48] new laws were drafted in the Ukrainian parliament in 2013 to suspend the permit, add additional protections to the spit, and expand the boundaries of the park.[49][50] After the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014, the proposed law was withdrawn and Russian occupation officials licensed continued sand mining operations both outside and within the landscape park.[48] Due to the extensive commercial sand extraction, the spit's area has increasingly shrunken, with approximately 0.145 km2 (0.056 sq mi) to 0.15 km2 (0.058 sq mi) of the spit becoming submerged in 2015,[51] and approximately 0.33 km2 (0.13 sq mi) of the spit's area being reported as damaged or eroded by 2019. Because of the spit's deterioration, the present day area of the spit is likely significantly less than the area recorded in 2012.[43][44]
  14. ^ Also referred to as White Kuchuhury.[56]
  15. ^ Also referred to as Byriuchyi Island Spit (Ukrainian: Коса Бирючий Острів, romanized: Kosa Byriuchyi Ostriv) or simply Byriuchyi (Бирючий).[60] Depending on weather and sea conditions, Byriuchyi alternates between being a geographic spit extending from Fedotova Spit and an island separated from Fedotova Spit by a narrow strait, with Byriuchyi becoming an island primarily during the autumn months when frequent storms on the Azov Sea flood the isthmus connecting Byriuchyi to Fedotova Spit.[3]
  16. ^ Prior to May 2023, Dzharylhach was the largest island in Ukraine with an area of 56 km2 (22 sq mi). Dzharylhach's area following its 2023 connection to the mainland by Russian troops is not reported.[11][12][10][full citation needed]
  17. ^ Mostly located in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with a smaller portion in Kherson Oblast.[citation needed]
  18. ^ Also known as Arshyntsevska Spit (Аршинцівська коса).[68]
  19. ^ Located in the Kerch Strait near the entrance to the Azov Sea but still within the Black Sea's waters.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Kosa Biryuchyy Ostriv". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Fedotova Kosa". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Kopenko, Vita (15 March 2023). Бирючий: заповідний острів-півострів, що вподобали президенти і олені, і який нині знищують окупанти [Biryuchy: a protected island-peninsula, favored by presidents and deer, and now being destroyed by the occupiers]. eco.rayon.in.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bergeron, Thomas; Mikkelsen, Noel; Mealie, Daniel; Belcher, Mitchell; Thacker, Tom. "Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine". storymaps.arcgis. Institute for the Study of War & American Enterprise Institute's Critical Threats Project. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  5. ^ Allen, James R. (1982). "Spits". Beaches and Coastal Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 789–792. doi:10.1007/0-387-30843-1_432. ISBN 978-0-87933-213-6.
  6. ^ Uda, Takaaki (2019). "Spits". Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 1623–1627. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_297. ISBN 978-3-319-93805-9.
  7. ^ "spit: coastal feature". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  8. ^ "Sediment Deposition at Sea". nps.gov. United States Department of the Interior. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  9. ^ Zhang, Wenyan (12 August 2015). "SPIT". Encyclopedia of Estuaries. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer-Link. p. 622. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_125. ISBN 978-94-017-8801-4. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  10. ^ a b Росіяни з'єднали Джарилгач з окупованою частиною Херсонської області, - Генштаб [The Russians connected Dzharylhach with the occupied part of Kherson Oblast, - General Staff]. RBC-Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 19 May 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Simonov, Dmytro (18 June 2023). "Dzharylhach in chains: Russia's bid to destroy the nature reserve's unique ecosystem". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  12. ^ a b Kizilov, Yevhen (19 May 2023). "Russians connected Dzharylhach island with occupied Kherson Oblast". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  13. ^ Falconer, William; Strabo (1903). "Getæ III". The Geography of Strabo. Vol. 1. Translated by Hamilton, Hans Claude; Falconer, William (1st ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. Retrieved 2 October 2024. The western part of this strip of land [the Course of Achilles] is known as the Island of Tendra, because it is separated by a cut. The eastern part of the strip is called Djarilgatch
  14. ^ Pyatkova, A.V. (1 January 2023). Острів [Island]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d Falconer, William; Strabo (1903). "Getæ III". The Geography of Strabo. Vol. 1. Translated by Hamilton, Hans Claude; Falconer, William (1st ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. Retrieved 2 October 2024. Then we arrive at the Course of Achilles, a low peninsula; for it is a certain tongue of land about a thousand stadia in length, running out towards the east, and its width is but two stadia in the broadest part, and but four plethra in the narrowest. It is distant from the main-land, which runs out on both sides of the neck, about 60 stadia.
  16. ^ d'Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon (1764). "Orbis romani pars orientalis". New York Public Library. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  17. ^ a b Aristov, M.V. (11 October 2020). Арабатська стрілка [Arabat Spit]. vue.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). State Research Institution "Encyclopedia Press". Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  18. ^ "Mako's Water Taxi: Overview". Homer Chamber of Commerce & Visitor Center. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  19. ^ "Arabat Spit". The Times of India. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  20. ^ a b c Про затвердження Переліку територій, на яких ведуться (велися) бойові дії або тимчасово окупованих Російською Федерацією [On Approval of the List of Territories in which Military Operations are Conducted (Were Conducted) or Temporarily Occupied by the Russian Federation]. ips.ligazakon.net. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  21. ^ Конституция Российской Федерации [Constitution of the Russian Federation]. archive.government.ru (in Russian). Government of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  22. ^ Grytsenko, Oksana (15 March 2014). "Russian troops invade Kherson Oblast, Ukrainians declare right to fight back". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  23. ^ Россия убрала войска с Арабатской стрелки [Russia has withdrawn troops from the Arabat Spit]. Ukrinform (in Russian). 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  24. ^ Про межі та перелік районів, міст, селищ і сіл, частин їх територій, тимчасово окупованих у Донецькій та Луганській областях [About the boundaries and list of raions, cities, settlements and villages, parts of their territories temporarily occupied in Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts]. Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  25. ^ Gormezano, David (4 August 2024). "In Ukraine's Donbas, ten years of war and Russification". France 24. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  26. ^ Tuckett, Caroline; Rowlands, Kevin (9 February 2024). "Drifting Away? Russia's Dissatisfaction With the Law of the Sea". Royal United Services Institute. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  27. ^ Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Clark, Mason (10 June 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 10". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  28. ^ Axe, David (14 November 2022). "A Strategic Strip Of Sand. Rumors Of Ukrainian Raids. As Russian Forces Retreat, Keep An Eye On The Kinburn Spit". Forbes. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  29. ^ Что известно о гибели бойцов элитного украинского спецназа на Тендровской косе [What is known about the death of elite Ukrainian special forces soldiers on the Tendra Spit]. BBC News Russian (in Russian). 29 February 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  30. ^ Serhan, Yasmeen (29 September 2022). "Russia's Annexation of Ukrainian Territory Is a Sign of Military Weakness". Time. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  31. ^ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 March 2014" (PDF). United Nations Department of General Assembly and Conference Management. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  32. ^ "Ukraine's president pledges to 'return' Russia-annexed Crimea". Al Jazeera. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  33. ^ "Temporary Occupation of Crimea and City of Sevastopol". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  34. ^ a b "Bakalʹsʹka Kosa". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  35. ^ a b c "Kosa Strilka". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  36. ^ a b Myahchenko, O.P. (2014). Коса Федотова [Spit Fedotova]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  37. ^ "Arabat Spit". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  38. ^ Yen, O.V. (2001). Арабатська стрілка [Arabat Arrow]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  39. ^ a b Наявність землевпорядної документації з установлення меж територій та об’єктів природно-заповідного фонду Одеської області [Availability of land management documentation for establishing boundaries, territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Odesa region]. odessa.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 29 May 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  40. ^ a b "Kosa Strilka". Protected Planet. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  41. ^ Заповідник «Бакальська коса» [Reserve "Bakalska Spit"]. otdyhaem.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  42. ^ Бакальская Коса [Bakalska Spit]. mejvodnoe.ru (in Russian). 19 February 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014. The values of the areas of the spit and other features are listed in the article's photo of one of the park's visitor center maps titled Региональный ландшафтный парк «Бакальская коса» (stylized in the map in all caps as РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ЛАНДШАФТНЫЙ ПАРК «БАКАЛЬСКАЯ КОСА»; transl. Regional landscape park "Bakalska Spit"); the photo has the caption "Заповедник Бакальская коса" (transl. Bakalska Spit Nature Reserve) in the article. The areas in the map are shown in hectares, with the Russian unit abbreviation ГА.
  43. ^ a b Окупанти спровокували в Криму масштабну природну катастрофу [The occupiers provoked in Crimea a large-scale natural disaster]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (in Ukrainian). 1 August 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  44. ^ a b Ущерб от добычи песка на исчезающей косе в Крыму составил порядка 16,2 млн рублей [Damage from sand mining on a disappearing spit in Crimea amounted to about 16.2 million rubles]. TASS (in Russian). 30 July 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  45. ^ Комуністи за збереження регіонального ландшафтного парку "Бакальська коса" в Автономній Республіці Крим [Communists for the preservation of the regional landscape park "Bakalska Spit" in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. kpu-ahtyrka.at.ua (in Ukrainian). 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  46. ^ Справа № К/9991/59062/11-С [Case No. K/9991/59062/11-С]. zakononline.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 14 February 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  47. ^ Про визнання протиправним та скасування розпорядження [On recognition as illegal and annulment of the order]. Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 17 June 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  48. ^ a b Miroshnychenko, Vlad (16 March 2020). Природа Криму під окупацією. Частина 1 [The nature of Crimea under occupation. Part 1]. blackseanews.net (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  49. ^ Danylenko, V.A. (12 June 2012). Карта проходження проекту: Проект постанови Верховної Ради України [Map of the progress of the project: Draft resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]. ips.ligazakon.net (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  50. ^ Danylenko, V.A. (12 June 2012). Постановa Верховної Ради України: Про заходи щодо збереження регіонального ландшафтного парку "Бакальська коса" в Автономній Республіці Крим [Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine: On measures to preserve the regional landscape park "Bakalska Spit" in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. ips.ligazakon.net (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  51. ^ «Берег вже не придатний для відпочинку». Кримчанка розповіла про стан Бакальської коси ["The shore is no longer suitable for recreation." A Crimean woman spoke about the condition of the Bakalska Spit]. ua.krymr.com (in Ukrainian). 28 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  52. ^ Pidhorodetskyi, P.D. (2003). Бакальська коса [Bakalska spit]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  53. ^ "Berdyansʹka Kosa". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  54. ^ Myahchenko, O.P. (2003). Бердянська коса [Berdiansk spit]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  55. ^ Ivchenko, A.S. (10 April 2023). Бердянська коса [Berdiansk spit]. vue.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). State Research Institution "Encyclopedia Press". Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  56. ^ Trusz, K.; Brzóska, A.; Reyda, R.; Gerasimov, V. (2021). Underwater Archaeological Exploration in the Waters of Tendra Spit and Berezan Island in 2017. Interdisciplinary Research on the Antiquity of the Black Sea. Vol. 2. Warsaw: University of Warsaw. pp. 253–257. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  57. ^ Shmalii, S.V.; Shcherbina, T.I. (2003). Білі кучугури [Bili Kuchuhury]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  58. ^ "Bilosarais'ka Kosa". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  59. ^ Shchevtsova, V.I. (2003). Білосарайська коса [Bilosaraiska spit]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  60. ^ Zharkykh, Liza (22 August 2021). Чим унікальний Бирючий Острів. Президентська резиденція, маяк і покинуте селище [What is unique about Byriuchyi Island. Presidential residence, lighthouse and abandoned settlement]. BBC News Ukrainian (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  61. ^ Shmaley, S.V.; Shcherbina, T.I. (2003). Бирючий острів [Byriuchyi island]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  62. ^ Бирючий [Byriuchyi]. vue.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). State Research Institution "Encyclopedia Press". Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  63. ^ "Dzharylhach". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  64. ^ Palienko, E.T. (2007). Джарилгач [Dzharylhach]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  65. ^ Derkach, Oleh (15 June 2009). Регіональний ландшафтний парк “Кінбурнська коса” [Regional landscape park "Kinburn spit"]. pryroda.in.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  66. ^ "Kinburn Spit". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  67. ^ Krikun, H.F. (2013). Кінбурнська коса [Kinburn spit]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  68. ^ "The reference by state on March 8, 2008". State Emergency Service of Ukraine. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  69. ^ "Kosa Komysh-Buruns'ka". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  70. ^ Yen, V.G.; Yen, O.V.; Yen, A.V. (2014). Комиш-Бурунська коса [Komysh-Burunska spit]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  71. ^ "Kryva Kosa". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  72. ^ Крива Коса [Kryva Spit]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  73. ^ "Obytichna Kosa". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  74. ^ Roskos, N.O. (2022). Обитічна коса [Obytichna spit]. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  75. ^ "Volosʹka Kosa". Google Earth. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
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