List of lakes by depth

These articles lists the world's deepest lakes.

Lakes ranked by maximum depth

This list contains all lakes whose maximum depth is reliably known to exceed 400 metres (1,300 ft)

Geologically, the Caspian Sea, like the Black and Mediterranean seas, is a remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean. The deepest area is oceanic rather than continental crust. However, it is generally regarded by geographers as a large endorheic salt lake. Of these registered lakes; 11 have a deepest point above the sea level. These are: Issyk-Kul, Crater Lake, Quesnel, Sarez, Toba, Tahoe, Kivu, Nahuel Huapi, Van, Poso and Colico.

Continent color key
Africa	Antarctica	Asia	Eurasia	Europe	North America	Oceania	South America

	Name	Country	Region	Depth		Depth²/area
	Name	Country	Region	(meters)	(feet)	Depth²/area
1.	Baikal^[1]	Russia	Southern Siberia: Buryatia and Irkutsk Oblast	1,642	5,387	9.22×10^⁻⁶
2.	Tanganyika	Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Burundi Zambia	African Great Lakes	1,470	4,823	8.1×10^⁻⁶
3.	(Caspian Sea^[2])	Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Russia Iran	Caspian Endorheic basin	1,025	3,363	1.68×10^⁻⁶
4.	Viedma	Argentina	Santa Cruz Province	~900	~2953	N/D
4.	Vostok^[3]	Antarctica	Under the, East Antarctic Ice Sheet	~900	~2953	8.94×10^⁻⁶
6.	O'Higgins-San Martín^[4]	Chile Argentina	Capitán Prat Province (Chile) and Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)	836	2,742	2.63×10^⁻⁵
7.	Argentino	Argentina	Santa Cruz Province	719	2,359	1.33×10^⁻⁵
8.	Malawi	Malawi Mozambique Tanzania	African Great Lakes	706	2,316	4.1×10^⁻⁶
9.	Issyk Kul	Kyrgyzstan	Tien Shan Mountains	668	2,192	8.46×10^⁻⁶
10.	Great Slave	Canada	Northwest Territories	614	2,015	3.72×10^⁻⁶
11.	Crater^[5]	United States	Oregon	594	1,949	8.16×10^⁻⁵
12.	Matano	Indonesia	Southern Sulawesi	590	1,936	4.61×10^⁻⁵
13.	General Carrera-Buenos Aires^[6]	Chile Argentina	General Carrera Province (Chile) and Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)	586	1,923	1.36×10^⁻⁵
14.	Hornindalsvatnet	Norway	Vestland	514	1,686	7.2×10^⁻⁵
15.	Quesnel	Canada	British Columbia	511	1,677	3.13×10^⁻⁵
16.	Sarez	Tajikistan	Gorno-Badakhshan	505	1,657	5.66×10^⁻⁵
16.	Toba	Indonesia	Sumatra	505	1,657	1.5×10^⁻⁵
18.	Tahoe	United States	California and Nevada	501	1,645	2.26×10^⁻⁵
19.	Salvatnet	Norway	Trøndelag	482	1,581	6.93×10^⁻⁵
20.	Kivu	Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda	African Great Lakes	480	1,575	9.24×10^⁻⁶
21.	Grand Lake^[7]	Canada	Newfoundland	475	1,558	N/D
22.	Nahuel Huapi	Argentina	Río Negro Province and Neuquén Province	464	1,523	2.02×10^⁻⁵
23.	Hauroko	New Zealand	Southland, South Island	462	1,516	5.82×10^⁻⁵
24.	Cochrane / Pueyrredón^[6]	Chile Argentina	Capitán Prat Province (Chile) and Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)	460	1,509	2.55×10^⁻⁵
24.	Lake Tinn	Norway	Telemark	460	1,509	6.41×10^⁻⁵
26.	Adams	Canada	British Columbia	457	1,499	3.9×10^⁻⁵
27.	Chelan	United States	Washington (state)	453	1,486	3.9×10^⁻⁵
27.	Mjøsa	Norway	Innlandet and Akershus	453	1,486	2.33×10^⁻⁵
29.	Van^[8]	Turkey	Eastern Anatolia Region	451	1,480	7.36×10^⁻⁶
30.	Poso	Indonesia	Sulawesi	450	1,476	2.5×10^⁻⁵
31.	Fagnano	Argentina Chile	Tierra del Fuego	449	1,473	1.77×10^⁻⁵
32.	Great Bear	Canada	Northwest Territories	446	1,463	2.53×10^⁻⁶
33.	Manapouri	New Zealand	Southland, South Island	444	1,457	3.73×10^⁻⁵
34.	Como	Italy	Lombardy	425	1,394	3.52×10^⁻⁵
34.	Te Anau	New Zealand	Southland, South Island	425	1,394	2.29×10^⁻⁵
36.	Tazawa	Japan	Akita Prefecture, Honshu	423	1,387	8.31×10^⁻⁵
37.	Khantayskoye	Russia	Krasnoyarsk Krai	420	1,378	N/D
37.	Wakatipu	New Zealand	Otago, South Island	420	1,378	2.47×10^⁻⁵
39.	Colico	Chile	Cautín Province	416	1,365	N/D
40.	Grey	Chile	Última Esperanza Province	410	1,345	N/D
41.	Superior	Canada United States	Ontario (Canada) and Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin (United States)	406	1,332	1.42×10^⁻⁶

Lakes ranked by mean depth

Mean depth can be a more useful indicator than maximum depth for many ecological purposes. Unfortunately, accurate mean depth figures are only available for well-studied lakes, as they must be calculated by dividing the lake's volume by its surface area.^[9] A reliable volume figure requires a bathymetric survey.^[9] Therefore, mean depth figures are not available for many deep lakes in remote locations.^[9] The average lake on Earth has the mean depth 41.8 meters (137.14 feet)^[9]

The Caspian Sea ranks much further down the list on mean depth, as it has a large continental shelf (significantly larger than the oceanic basin that contains its greatest depths).

Of the 121 registered lakes; 64 are known to be cryptodepressions. These include: Vostok^[3]^[10] (subglacial surface), Concordia (subglacial surface), (Caspian Sea^[2]) (subsea surface), Dead Sea (subsea surface) and Jökulsárlón^[7] (glacial lagoon estuary). The remaining 57 lakes have got their entire basin above the sea level.

This list contains all lakes whose mean depth is reliably known to exceed 100 metres (328 ft).

Continent colour key
Africa	Antarctica	Asia	Eurasia	Europe	North America	Oceania	South America

	Name	Country	Region	Depth
	Name	Country	Region	(meters)	(feet)
1.	Baikal^[1]	Russia	Southern Siberia: Buryatia and Irkutsk Oblast	744.4	2,442
2.	Tanganyika	Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Burundi Zambia	African Great Lakes	570	1,870
3.	Vostok^[3]^[10]	Antarctica	Under the, East Antarctic Ice Sheet	432	1,417
4.	General Carrera-Buenos Aires^[6]	Chile Argentina	General Carrera Province (Chile) and Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)	400	1,312
5.	Crater^[5]	United States	Oregon	352.8	1,157
6.	Tahoe	United States	California and Nevada	307.6	1,009
7.	Adams	Canada	British Columbia, (Shuswap)	299	981
8.	Malawi	Malawi Mozambique Tanzania	African Great Lakes	292	958
9.	Tazawa	Japan	Honshu	280	919
10.	Issyk Kul	Kyrgyzstan	Tien Shan Mountains	278.4	913
11.	Shikotsu	Japan	Hokkaido	265.4	871
12.	Concordia	Antarctica	Antarctic Plateau	250	820
13.	Crveno^[7]	Croatia	Imotski Area	245	804
14.	Kivu	Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda	African Great Lakes	240	787
14.	Matano^[7]	Indonesia	Sulawesi	240	787
16.	Hornindalsvatnet^[7]	Norway	Vestland	237.6	780
17.	Quilotoa	Ecuador	Cotopaxi Province	220	722
18.	Toba^[7]	Indonesia	Sumatra	216	707
19.	Heaven	North Korea China	Ryanggang Province (North Korea) and Jilin Province (China)	213	699
20.	(Caspian Sea^[2])	Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Russia Iran	Caspian Endorheic basin	211	692
21.	Karakul	Tajikistan	Pamir Mountains	210	689
22.	Sarez	Tajikistan	Gorno-Badakhshan	201.8	662
23.	Kurile	Russia	Kamchatka Peninsula	195	640
24.	Fagnano	Argentina Chile	Tierra del Fuego	193.8	636
25.	Todos los Santos	Chile	Llanquihue Province	192.7	632
26.	Lake Tinn^[7]	Norway	Telemark	190	623
27.	Dead Sea	Jordan Palestine Israel	Middle East	188.4	618
28.	Llanquihue	Chile	Llanquihue Province and Osorno Province	184.4	605
29.	Chapo	Chile	Llanquihue Province	183.1	601
30.	Maggiore	Italy Switzerland	Lombardy, Piedmont (Italy) and Ticino (Switzerland)	177.4	582
31.	Ranau	Indonesia	Sumatra	174	571
31.	Teletskoye	Russia	Altai Mountains	174	571
33.	Brienz	Switzerland	Bern	173	568
34.	Lundevatnet^[7]	Norway	Rogaland and Agder	172	564
35.	Slocan	Canada	British Columbia, (West Kootenay)	171	561
35.	Van	Turkey	Eastern Anatolia Region	171	561
37.	Te Anau	New Zealand	Southland, South Island	168.8	554
38.	Lácar	Argentina	Neuquén Province	167	548
39.	Riñihue	Chile	Valdivia Province	162	531
40.	Nimpkish	Canada	British Columbia,(Vancouver Island)	161	528
41.	Azure	Canada	British Columbia, (Wells Gray)	157.2	516
42.	Nahuel Huapi	Argentina	Río Negro Province and Neuquén Province	157	515
42.	Quesnel	Canada	British Columbia, (Likely and Horsefly)	157	515
44.	Suldalsvatnet^[7]	Norway	Rogaland	156	512
45.	Argentino	Argentina	Santa Cruz Province	155.4	510
46.	Ohrid	North Macedonia Albania	Balkans	155	508
46.	Salvatnet^[7]	Norway	Trøndelag	155	508
48.	Atitlán^[7]	Guatemala	Guatemalan Highlands of the Sierra Madre	154	505
48.	Como^[11]	Italy	Lombardy	154	505
50.	Geneva^[7]	Switzerland France	Vaud, Geneva, Valais (Switzerland) and Haute-Savoie (France)	153.4	503
51.	Jökulsárlón^[7]	Iceland	Vatnajökull National Park	153	502
52.	Harrison	Canada	British Columbia, (Coast Mountains)	151.4	497
53.	Mjøsa	Norway	Innlandet and Akershus	150	492
53.	Powell	Canada	British Columbia, (Sunshine Coast)	150	492
55.	Menéndez	Argentina	Chubut Province	149.9	492
56.	Manapouri	New Zealand	Southland, South Island	149	489
56.	Singkarak	Indonesia	Western Sumatra	149	489
58.	Lake Superior	Canada United States	Ontario (Canada) and Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin (United States)	147	482
59.	Chelan	United States	Washington (state)	144	472
60.	Huechulafquen	Argentina	Neuquén Province	142	466
60.	Pend Oreille	United States	Idaho	142	466
62.	Anderson	Canada	British Columbia, (Lillooet)	140	459
62.	Nemrut	Turkey	Bitlis Province	140	459
62.	Redoubt	United States	Alaska, (Baranof Island)	140	459
65.	Storsjøen^[7]	Norway	Innlandet	139	456
66.	Khövsgöl	Mongolia	Nearby the eastern, Sayan Mountains	138	453
67.	Mashū	Japan	Hokkaido	137.5	451
68.	Lonar	India	Deccan Plateau	137	449
68.	Ørsdalsvatnet	Norway	Rogaland	137	449
70.	Garda	Italy	Lombardy, Veneto and Trentino	136	446
70.	Thun	Switzerland	Bern	136	446
72.	Ikeda	Japan	Kyushu	135	443
73.	Lugano	Switzerland Italy	Ticino (Switzerland) and Lombardy (Italy)	134	440
74.	Loch Ness^[7]	United Kingdom	Scotland, Caledonia	132	433
75.	Oppstrynsvatnet^[7]	Norway	Vestland	131	429
76.	Wakatipu	New Zealand	Otago, South Island	130	427
77.	Breimsvatnet^[7]	Norway	Vestland	129	423
78.	Mainit	Philippines	Mindanao	128	420
79.	Yelcho	Chile	Palena Province	127.6	419
80.	Panguipulli	Chile	Valdivia Province	126	413
81.	Great Central	Canada	British Columbia, (Vancouver Island)	124	407
81.	Iseo	Italy	Lombardy	124	407
83.	Greve	Chile	Última Esperanza Province	123.3	405
84.	Ranco	Chile	Ranco Province	122	400
84.	Timiskaming	Canada	Ontario and Quebec	122	400
86.	Bandak^[7]	Norway	Telemark	121	397
87.	Fyresvatnet	Norway	Telemark	120	394
87.	Kanas	China	Xinjiang, Altay Prefecture	120	394
87.	Towuti	Indonesia	Southern Sulawesi	120	394
87.	Villarrica	Chile	Cautín Province	120	394
91.	Garibaldi	Canada	British Columbia, (Coast Mountains)	119	390
92.	Caburgua	Chile	Cautín Province	117	384
92.	Toya^[7]	Japan	Hokkaido	117	384
94.	Hauroko	New Zealand	Southland, South Island	116.7	383
95.	Calafquén	Chile	Cautín Province	115	377
96.	Mabel	Canada	British Columbia, (Shuswap)	114	374
97.	Poteriteri	New Zealand	Southland, South Island	113.1	371
98.	Mascardi	Argentina	Río Negro Province	111	364
98.	Puelo	Argentina	Chubut Province	111	364
100.	Lake Taupō^[7]	New Zealand	Waikato, North Island	110	360
101.	Öskjuvatn^[7]	Iceland	Highlands of Iceland	109	358
102.	Chilko	Canada	British Columbia, (Chilcotin)	108	354
103.	Murtle	Canada	British Columbia, (Wells Gray)	107	351
103.	Titicaca	Peru Bolivia	Puno Region (Peru) and La Paz Department (Bolivia)	107	351
105.	Tatlayoko	Canada	British Columbia, (Chilcotin)	106.4	349
106.	Gander	Canada	Newfoundland	105.4	346
107.	Guinas	Namibia	Oshikoto Region, Tsumeb	105	344
107.	Kauhakō Crater^[12]^[13]	United States	Hawaii, (Molokai)	105	344
107.	Maninjau	Indonesia	Central Sumatra	105	344
110.	Walen	Switzerland	St. Gallen and Glarus	104.7	343
111.	Lucerne	Switzerland	Central Switzerland	104	341
112.	Rivadavia	Argentina	Chubut Province	103.7	340
113.	Takla	Canada	British Columbia, (Mount Blanchet)	103.1	338
114.	Cochrane / Pueyrredón^[6]	Chile Argentina	Capitán Prat Province (Chile) and Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)	101.8	334
115.	Clearwater^[7]	Canada	British Columbia, (Wells Gray)	101.6	333
116.	Futalaufquen	Argentina	Chubut Province	101	331
117.	Hāwea^[7]	New Zealand	Otago, South Island	100.5	330
118.	Nueltin^[7]	Canada	Nunavut and Manitoba	100	328
118.	Rara	Nepal	Karnali Province	100	328
118.	Taal	Philippines	Southern Luzon	100	328
118.	Viedma	Argentina	Santa Cruz Province	100	328

Greatest maximum depth by continent

Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Radok (surface lake). — 1: Vostok (subglacial lake),^[3] 2: Concordia (subglacial lake), 3: Ellsworth (subglacial lake).
Asia — 1: Baikal, 2: Issyk Kul, 3: Matano
Eurasia — 1: Baikal, 2: Caspian Sea, 3: Issyk Kul
Europe — 1: Hornindalsvatnet, 2: Salvatnet, 3: Lake Tinn
North America — 1: Great Slave, 2: Crater, 3: Quesnel
- Central America — 1: Atitlán, 2: Chicabal
Oceania — 1: Hauroko, 2: Manapouri, 3: Te Anau
- Australia — 1: St Clair
South America — 1: Viedma, 2: O'Higgins/San Martín, 3: Argentino

Greatest mean depth by continent

Africa — 1: Tanganyika, 2: Malawi, 3: Kivu
Antarctica — 1: Vostok^[3] (subglacial lake), 2: Concordia (subglacial lake), 3: Ellsworth (subglacial lake).
Asia — 1: Baikal, 2: Tazawa, 3: Issyk-Kul
Europe — 1: Crveno, 2: Hornindalsvatnet, 3: Lake Tinn
North America — 1: Crater, 2: Tahoe, 3: Adams
Oceania — 1: Te Anau, 2: Manapouri, 3: Wakatipu
South America — 1: General Carrera-Buenos Aires, 2: Quilotoa, 3: Fagnano

Notes

Note: Lake depths often vary depending on sources. The depths used here are the most reliable figures available in recent sources. See the articles on individual lakes for more details and data sources.

^ ^a ^b Lake Baikal is also the largest freshwater lake by volume.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers, biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake. However, the Caspian's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea. Geologically, the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean seas are small oceans, remnants of the ancient Tethys. Politically, the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lake Vostok in Antarctica is a subglacial lake with a depth ranging from 510 to 900 meters.
^ *CECS, Depth sounding of Lake O'Higgins/San Martín^{[permanent dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Crater Lake in Oregon has a maximum depth of 594m, based on its USGS benchmark surface elevation of 1883m. The US National Park Service publishes different values (1881m for surface elevation, and 592m for the maximum depth). The technical basis of the values determined by the USGS is documented in Bacon, C. R.; Gardner, J. V.; Mayer, L. A.; Buktenica, M. W.; Dartnell, P.; Ramsey, D. W.; Robinson, J. E. (2002). "Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon". GSA Bulletin. 114 (6): 675–692. Bibcode:2002GSAB..114..675B. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0675:MVAMWI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. OCLC 4642976847, 196656627. Retrieved 2013-07-08. (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Murdie, Ruth E.; Pugh, David T.; Styles, Peter; Muñoz, Miguel (1999), "Heatflow, Temperature and Bathymetry of Lago General Carrera and Lago Cochrane, Southern Chile" (PDF), Extended Extracts of the Fourth International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics, Gottingen, Germany 04-06/10/1999, Paris: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, pp. 539–542
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Walter K. Dodds; Matt R. Whiles (23 September 2010). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology. Academic Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-12-374724-2. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
^ Degens, E.T.; Wong, H.K.; Kempe, S.; Kurtman, F. (June 1984), "A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey", International Journal of Earth Sciences, 73 (2), Springer: 701–734, Bibcode:1984GeoRu..73..701D, doi:10.1007/BF01824978, S2CID 128628465
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cael, B. B.; Heathcote, A. J.; Seekell, D. A. (2017). "The volume and mean depth of Earth's lakes". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (1): 209–218. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44..209C. doi:10.1002/2016GL071378. hdl:1912/8822. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 132520745. Archived from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
^ ^a ^b Dow, Christine; McCormack, Felicity; Cook, Sue (July 17, 2016). "What Lies Beneath Antarctica's Ice? Lakes, Life and the Grandest of Canyons". The Conversation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
^ Buzzi (1997), Documento dell'Istitutoitaliano di idrobiologia
^ Maciolek, J. A. (April 30, 1982), Lakes and Lake-like Waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago (PDF), Occasional Papers of Berenice P. Bishop Museum, vol. 25^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Coombs, C. R.; Hawke, B. R.; Wilson, L. (1990), "Terrestrial analogs to lunar sinuous rilles - Kauhako Crater and channel, Kalaupapa, Molokai, and other Hawaiian lava conduit systems", Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 20: 195, Bibcode:1990LPSC...20..195C

Sources

Worldlakes.org, Deepest lakes

External links

Environmentalgraffiti.com - 10 deepest lakes with pictures

[Baikal-1] Lake Baikal is also the largest freshwater lake by volume.

[Caspian-2] The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers, biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake. However, the Caspian's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea. Geologically, the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean seas are small oceans, remnants of the ancient Tethys. Politically, the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law.

[Vostok-3] Lake Vostok in Antarctica is a subglacial lake with a depth ranging from 510 to 900 meters.

[OHiggins-4] *CECS, Depth sounding of Lake O'Higgins/San Martín^{[permanent dead link]}

[Crater-5] Crater Lake in Oregon has a maximum depth of 594m, based on its USGS benchmark surface elevation of 1883m. The US National Park Service publishes different values (1881m for surface elevation, and 592m for the maximum depth). The technical basis of the values determined by the USGS is documented in Bacon, C. R.; Gardner, J. V.; Mayer, L. A.; Buktenica, M. W.; Dartnell, P.; Ramsey, D. W.; Robinson, J. E. (2002). "Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in Crater Lake, Oregon". GSA Bulletin. 114 (6): 675–692. Bibcode:2002GSAB..114..675B. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0675:MVAMWI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. OCLC 4642976847, 196656627. Retrieved 2013-07-08. (subscription required)

[MurdieEtAl_1999-6] Murdie, Ruth E.; Pugh, David T.; Styles, Peter; Muñoz, Miguel (1999), "Heatflow, Temperature and Bathymetry of Lago General Carrera and Lago Cochrane, Southern Chile" (PDF), Extended Extracts of the Fourth International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics, Gottingen, Germany 04-06/10/1999, Paris: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, pp. 539–542

[DoddsWhiles2010-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Walter K. Dodds; Matt R. Whiles (23 September 2010). Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology. Academic Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-12-374724-2. Retrieved 22 February 2012.

[Degens_1984-8] Degens, E.T.; Wong, H.K.; Kempe, S.; Kurtman, F. (June 1984), "A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey", International Journal of Earth Sciences, 73 (2), Springer: 701–734, Bibcode:1984GeoRu..73..701D, doi:10.1007/BF01824978, S2CID 128628465

[:0-9] Cael, B. B.; Heathcote, A. J.; Seekell, D. A. (2017). "The volume and mean depth of Earth's lakes". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (1): 209–218. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44..209C. doi:10.1002/2016GL071378. hdl:1912/8822. ISSN 1944-8007. S2CID 132520745. Archived from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-09-11.

[ConversationVostok-10] Dow, Christine; McCormack, Felicity; Cook, Sue (July 17, 2016). "What Lies Beneath Antarctica's Ice? Lakes, Life and the Grandest of Canyons". The Conversation. Retrieved June 25, 2018.

[Buzzi_1961-11] Buzzi (1997), Documento dell'Istitutoitaliano di idrobiologia

[Maciolek_1975-12] Maciolek, J. A. (April 30, 1982), Lakes and Lake-like Waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago (PDF), Occasional Papers of Berenice P. Bishop Museum, vol. 25^{[permanent dead link]}

[13] Coombs, C. R.; Hawke, B. R.; Wilson, L. (1990), "Terrestrial analogs to lunar sinuous rilles - Kauhako Crater and channel, Kalaupapa, Molokai, and other Hawaiian lava conduit systems", Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings, 20: 195, Bibcode:1990LPSC...20..195C

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]