Listeriosis is an infectious but not contagious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, far more common in domestic animals (domestic mammals and poultry), especially ruminants, than in human beings. It can also occur in feral animals—among others, game animals—as well as in poultry and other birds.
Aetiology
editThe causative bacterium lives in the soil and in poorly made silage (In Iceland, the disease is called "silage sickness".[1])
Epidemiology
editThe portal of infection is uncertain, but ingestion of infected feed seems the most usual way. However, inhalation and conjunctival contamination might also play a role.[2]
The disease is not contagious.
The disease is sporadic, but can occur as farm outbreaks in ruminants.
Listeriosis in farm animals is important economically in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. It is less common in tropical and subtropical areas.[2] However, use of silage in those countries, most common now than it used to be, may increase the prevalence of the disease in those countries.
Clinical forms
editIn all animals
editThree main forms are usually recognized throughout the affected species:
- encephalitis, the most common form in ruminants. Meningitis or meningoencephalitis are possibilities.
- late abortion
- gastrointestinal sepsis with liver damage, in monogastric species as well as in preruminant calves and lambs[3]
In sheep and goat
editIn sheep, the disease is also called "circling disease".[4] The most obvious signs for the veterinarians are neurological, especially lateral deviation of the neck and head, opisthotonus or emprosthotonus.
Other signs comprises compulsive movements of the lips, facial and masticatory muscles, with food staying in mouth.
-
lateral deviation of head and neck in sheep -
goat in lateral recumbency with opisthotonus -
same stood up soon after, with twisted head -
wanting to browse
In cattle
editIn cattle, the most common sign is encephalitis, with fever, blindness, pressing against fixed objects, dullness, facial paralysis and circling.[5]
The cow can follow the fence until it finds a corner, then staying there for a long time, pushing against the fence.[6]
The animal wants to eat, but food remains within the mouth, with drooling saliva, because of paralysis of the masticatory muscles.
Following nervous location of the lesions, the signs may be different from one sick animal to another.
In adult cattle, the course of the disease is one to two weeks, but in calves, it is more acute.[7]
Abortion can occur but it is not linked to nervous syndrome.
Treatment
editListeriosis in animals can sometimes be cured with antibiotics (tetracyclines and benzyl penicillin) when diagnosed early. Goats, for example, can be treated upon noticing facial paralysis,.[8] But the condition is generally fatal.
References
edit- ^ Siegmund, Otto H. (1967). The Merck veterinary manual: a handbook of diagnosis and therapy for the veterinarian (3rd ed.). Merck. p. 419. OCLC 456113020.
- ^ a b D.C. Blood; J.A. Henderson; O.M. Radostits (1979). Veterinary Medicine (5th ed.). London: Baillière Tindall. p. 425. ISBN 0-7020-07-18-8.
- ^ Roger W. Blowey; A. David Weaver (2003). Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Cattle. Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN 0-7234-3205-8.
- ^ Rue Jensen; Brinton L. Swift (1982). Diseases of sheep. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. p. 159. ISBN 0-8121-0836-1.
- ^ Roger W. Blowey; A. David Weaver (2003). Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of Cattle. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. p. 159. ISBN 0-7234-3205-8.
- ^ W.J. Gibbons; A. E.J. Cattcott; A. J.F. Smithcors (1970). Bovine Medicine and Surgery. American Veterinary Publications Inc.
- ^ D.C. Blood, J.A. Henderson & O.M. Radostits (1979). Veterinary Medicine (5th ed.). London: Baillière Tindall. p. 423. ISBN 0-7020-07-18-8.
- ^ "Listeriosis in sheep and goats". Michigan State University. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
Further reading
edit- "Overview of Listeriosis - Generalized Conditions". Merck Veterinary Manual.
- "Listeria monocytogenes - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents". antimicrobe.org.