Litsea garciae, also known as engkala, engkalak, kangkala, pangalaban and Borneo avocado, is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lauraceae and genus Litsea.[2][3][better source needed] It is native to Taiwan, the Philippines, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi.[4]
| Litsea garciae | |
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| Young Litsea garciae tree at the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami, Florida | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | Litsea |
| Species: | L. garciae
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| Binomial name | |
| Litsea garciae Vidal (1886)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Litsea garciae is notable for its use in traditional medicine and as a source of essential oils. Its fruits contain high levels of phytochemicals which are antioxidants, and stearic acid which has shown to have antibacterial properties.
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| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[5] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other names
editLitsea garciae has many common names across its native range.
In Indonesia, it is commonly known as kalangkala, medang, malai, wuru lilin, kelimah, bua talal, kelime, kelimie, bua' vengolobon, wi lahal, kelima, mali, beva' mali, kayu mali, and malei.
In Malaysia, it is commonly known as ta'ang, pengalaban, pengolaban, tebulus, buah pengalaban, buah tebuluh, and pong labon.
In the Philippines, it is commonly known as kupa, pipi, bagnolo, and bangulo, and in Taiwan as lan yu mu jiang zi and lan yu mu.[3]
Distribution
edit
L. garciae is generally believed to have originated in the Philippines, although some botanists believe it originated in Borneo.[7] It grows wild in evergreen, broad-leaved forests and in disturbed, open sites up to 200 meters (660 feet) in elevation. It is often found along rivers and on hillsides with sandy to clay soils, and prefers partly shady positions.[8]
Description
editLitsea garciae is a sub-canopy, medium to large evergreen tree which grows 10–26 meters (33–85 feet) in height. The trunk can reach 60 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter.[8]
The dark green leaves are simple and alternately arranged and are lanceolate-ovate or lanceolate-obovate in shape. They are glabrous and measure 25–40 centimeters (9.8–15.7 inches) in length and 6–15 centimeters (2.4–5.9 inches) in width. They droop slightly from the branches. The flowers are small and yellow-white in color. The flower head measures 15 millimeters in diameter.
The plant bears fruit at five years of age.[9] The tree does not tolerate frost or temperatures below 55 °F (13 °C).[10]
Fruit
editThe fruit is oblate to globose in shape and measures 2.2–3 centimeters (0.87–1.18 inches) in height and 2.5–4.5 centimeters (0.98–1.77 inches) in diameter. It is edible and is said to have a milky, avocado-like flavor. When unripe, the skin is a pale whitish-green, and when ripe is pink to red in color. The inner flesh is soft and white in color, sometimes with a greenish tint. The stem cap is large and green in color. It contains 1 large, brown seed which measures 1.5–2 centimeters (0.59–0.79 inches) in diameter.[11][better source needed]
Uses
editThe fruit is eaten raw or cooked, and the tree is sometimes cultivated for its fruit. When eaten raw, it is rolled in the hands or hit with a spoon to cause slight bruising in order to release the flavor.[10] A popular way of eating the fruit is to submerge it in hot water for five minutes, then sprinkle it with salt. It is sometimes served steamed with rice. Unripe fruits are pickled.[9] An oil is extracted from the seed, which is used to make candles and soap. The wood is used in construction.[8] Litsea garciae has many medicinal uses. The Iban use the lightly burned bark to treat caterpillar stings, and use a bark poultice to treat boils. The Selako use a poultice of the leaves or shoots along with shallot and fennel seeds to cure infections and skin diseases. It is also used to treat skin burns. The Penan use a bark poultice for sprained knees, ankles, and muscular pains. Decoctions made from the bark are also used to help ailments such as blood in stools, and are mixed with durian bark to make an antidote for snakebite wounds.[3]
Chemistry
editLitsea garciae fruits contain a high amount of phytochemicals, which has potential as a natural antioxidant that can contribute to human health. Phenolic and flavonoid content was highest in the stem cap, with the values of 8.29 ± 0.70 milligrams gallic acid and 6.90 ± 0.61 milligrams rutin, respectively. Anthocyanin content was highest in the flesh of the fruit, with the value of 4.12 ± 0.10 milligrams cyanidin-3-glucoside. The same trend of antioxidant and phytochemical content was also found in the distilled water extract.[12] The fruit is also rich in stearic acid and contains antibacterial properties.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rogier de Kok (formerly Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (25 September 2019). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Litsea garciae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Litsea garciae Vidal". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ a b c "Engkala facts | Health Benefits". Health Benefits Times. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ "Litsea garciae S.Vidal". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "ENGKALA_Litsea garciae | Fruitipedia". fruitipedia.com. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "Litsea garciae - Useful Tropical Plants". Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Engkalak". Specialty Produce. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Litsea garciae". Tropical Plant Book. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ "Engkala Facts, Health Benefits and Nutritional Value". Health Benefits Times. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Hassan, Siti Hawa Ali; Fry, Jeffrey R.; Bakar, Mohd Fadzelly Abu (1 October 2013). "Antioxidant and phytochemical study on pengolaban (Litsea garciae), an edible underutilized fruit endemic to Borneo". Food Science and Biotechnology. 22 (5): 1–7. doi:10.1007/s10068-013-0202-x. ISSN 2092-6456. S2CID 85432083.
- ^ Kutoi, Clifford Junaidi; Khong, Heng Yen; Seruji, Nurr Maria Ulfa (March 2013). "Nutritional Content, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Litsea Garciae". The Open Conference Proceedings Journal. 4 (1): 115. doi:10.2174/2210289201304010115. Retrieved 6 March 2021.