LmαTX5 is an α-scorpion toxin which inhibits the fast inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. It has been identified through transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of Lychas mucronatus, also known as the Chinese swimming scorpion – a scorpion species which is widely distributed in Southeast Asia.
Etymology
edit
LmαTX5 derives its name from Lychas mucronatus (Lm) [1] and is an α-scorpion toxin (αTX).[2]
Sources
editLmαTX5 was identified in a transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of Lychas mucronatus. [1][3] For research purposes the toxin was produced in the Escherichia coli to allow further characterization.[3]
Chemistry
editLmαTX5 full peptide is 81 amino acids in length, which comprises a signal peptide of 19 amino acids, and has a molecular mass of 9.4 kDa. The mature LmαTX5 is 62 amino acids in length,[3] tightly bound by four disulfide bridges (indicated by * in the sequence):[4]
Lys-Lys-Asp-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Asp-Asp-Lys-Glu-Cys*-Lys-Tyr-Asp-Cys**-Trp-Lys-Asn-Glu-Tyr-Cys***-Asn-Asp-Leu-Cys****-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu-Ser-Gly-Tyr-Cys**-Tyr-Ala-Leu-Asn-Leu-Ser-Cys***-Tyr-Cys****-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Pro-Asp-Lys-Glu-Lys-Thr-Ser-Arg-Thr-Gly-Lys-Cys*-Arg-Gly
The predicted 3D-structure resembles a common cysteine-stabilized CSαβ structural motif for α-scorpion toxins consisting of a short-segmented α-helix coupled to a triple-stranded β-sheet, connected by four disulfide bridges forming loops.[4][5] The similar functional residues in the conserved NC-domain (Tyr7, Lys10, Arg56, Arg61) and Core-domain (Trp17, Asn40) together with the common CSαβ structural motif and the amino acid length [3] strongly relate LmaTX5 to other α-scorpion toxins that specifically target voltage-gated sodium channels.[4][5] Moreover, LmαTX5 resembles LmαTX3 in length (i.e., 62 amino acids) and function (e.g., affecting predominantly mNav1.4 and hNav1.5 sodium channels).[3]
Target
editPharmacological experiments showed that the recombinant LmαTX5 toxin targets voltage–gated sodium channel isoforms. LmαTX5 affects Nav1.5 (EC50 = 1.03 ± 0.43 μM) and Nav1.4 (EC50 = 4.53 ± 1.38 μM, mostly found in skeletal muscles), and moderately inhibits Nav1.7 (EC50 = 67.62 ± 2.31 μM, mostly found in peripheral nervous system), while Nav1.2 is hardly affected.[3][6] Its pharmacological profile is quite similar to α-scorpion toxin LmαTX3.[3]
Mode of action
editLmαTX5 might be considered as a gating–modifier toxin that disables outward movement of the voltage sensor causing prolongation of sodium inward flow. The structural similarity of LmαTX5 to the α-scorpion toxin group suggests that LmαTX5 likely binds to neurotoxin receptor site 3 of sodium channels.[7] This receptor site is located on the extracellular loop, connecting transmembrane segments S3 and S4 of domain IV, that plays the role of a voltage sensor by moving outwards during depolarization.[8] The predicted inhibitory mechanism of LmαTX5 involves preventing conformational changes within the IVS4 that affects its outward movement, thus inhibiting sodium channel inactivation. Action potentials would become prolonged by the toxin.[8] This action mechanism is expected based on the structure of the toxin, but still lacks experimental conformation. Similarly, based on homology, binding of LmαTX5 to the receptor site may be weakened by membrane depolarization.[8][9]
Toxicity
editBased on affected channel subtypes, LmαTX5 could be expected to cause cardiac arrhythmia,[6] by altering action potential propagation through the heart resulting in severe cardiac rhythm impairment, and inhibition of action potential propagation in neurons and skeletal muscles leading to paralysis of the prey.[10][11]
References
edit- ^ a b Ruiming, Zhao; Yibao, Ma; Yawen, He; Zhiyong, Di; Yingliang, Wu; Zhijian, Cao; Wenxin, Li (28 July 2010). "Comparative venom gland transcriptome analysis of the scorpion Lychas mucronatus reveals intraspecific toxic gene diversity and new venomous components". BMC Genomics. 11 (452): 452. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-452. PMC 3091649. PMID 20663230.
- ^ Hille, Bertil (2001). Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes (3rd ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 637. ISBN 0-87893-321-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g Xu, Lingna; Li, Tian; Liu, Honglian; Yang, Fan; Liang, Songping; Cao, Zhijian; Li, Wenxin; Wu, Yingliang (November 2014). "Functional characterization of two novel scorpion sodium channel toxins from Lychas mucronatus". Toxicon. 90: 318–325. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.075. ISSN 1879-3150. PMID 25194748.
- ^ a b c Possani, Lourival; Becerril, Baltazar; Delepierre, Muriel; Tytgat, Jan (25 December 2001). "Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels". European Journal of Biochemistry. 264 (2): 287–300. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x. PMID 10491073.
- ^ a b Gordon, Dalia; Savarin, Philippe; Gurevitz, Michael; Zinn-Justin, Sophie (2 July 2009). "Functional Anatomy of Scorpion Toxins Affecting Sodium Channels". Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews. 17 (2): 131–159. doi:10.3109/15569549809009247.
- ^ a b Bosmans, Frank; Tytgat, Jan (February 2007). "Voltage-gated sodium channel modulation by scorpion α-toxins". Toxicon. 49 (2): 142–158. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.023. PMC 1808227. PMID 17087986.
- ^ Catterall, William A. (10 December 1977). "Activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins. An allosteric model". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 252 (23): 8669–8676. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)75273-9. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 925017.
- ^ a b c Rogers, John C.; Qu, Yusheng; Tanada, Timothy N.; Scheuer, Todd; Catterall, William A. (5 July 1996). "Molecular Determinants of High Affinity Binding of α-Scorpion Toxin and Sea Anemone Toxin in the S3-S4 Extracellular Loop in Domain IV of the Na + Channel α Subunit". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (27): 15950–15962. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.27.15950. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8663157. S2CID 775526.
- ^ Catterall, William A. (1 September 1979). "Binding of scorpion toxin to receptor sites associated with sodium channels in frog muscle. Correlation of voltage-dependent binding with activation". Journal of General Physiology. 74 (3): 375–391. doi:10.1085/jgp.74.3.375. ISSN 0022-1295. PMC 2228523. PMID 479827.
- ^ "SCN4A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
- ^ "SCN5A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-23.