The Locust Plague of 1874, or the Grasshopper Plague of 1874, occurred in the summer of 1874 when hordes of Rocky Mountain locusts invaded the Great Plains in the United States and Canada. The locusts swarmed over an estimated 2,000,000 square miles (5,200,000 km2) and caused millions of dollars' worth of damage. Residents described swarms so thick that they covered the sun for up to six hours.[1]
 1875 cartoon by Henry Worrall depicting Kansas farmers battling giant grasshoppers. | |
| Date | 1874 |
|---|---|
| Location | Great Plains (United States, Canada) |
| Type | Infestation |
| Cause | Locusts |
Area
editThe locust plague encompassed the Dakota Territory, the Montana Territory, the Wyoming Territory, the Colorado Territory, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas.[1] The locust plague also reached the Northwest Territories and Manitoba; one 1877 observer theorized that a range of coniferous timber prevented them from overtaking some parts of Saskatchewan.[2][3]
The United States Entomological Commission wrote in 1880 that the infestation "covered a swath equal to the combined areas of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont."[4]
Damage
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Compared to previous infestations in the region, the 1874 plague was significantly more damaging. The invasion coincided with a record drought in the Midwest and Great Plains, which induced the grasshoppers (estimated at 120 billion to 12.5 trillion) to not only thrive but also to swarm when local vegetation was decimated. The arriving locusts would pile up to over a foot high and ate crops, trees, leaves, grass, wool off sheep, harnesses on horses, paint from wagons, and pitchfork handles. [1][5][6]
The locusts would eat for several days from fields and trees and in some instances also ate food inside the farmers' homes before they moved on. Carpets and clothes were damaged by the locusts in the process. The locust excrement and carcasses polluted ponds and streams.[1] Trains tracks "slick with grasshopper guts" caused trains to lose traction, according to the book It Happened in Nebraska.[7][1]
A Kansas pioneer was quoted as saying, "They looked like a great, white glistening cloud, for their wings caught the sunshine on them and made them look like a cloud of white vapor."[8] Another Kansas settler said, "I never saw such a sight before. This morning, as we looked up toward the sun, we could see millions in the air. They looked like snowflakes."[9] Nebraska historian Addison E. Sheldon described the scene: "In a clear, hot July day a haze came over the sun. The haze deepened into a gray cloud. Suddenly the cloud resolved itself into billions of gray grasshoppers sweeping down upon the earth. The vibration of their wings filled the ear with a roaring sound like a rushing storm. As far as the eye could reach in every direction the air was filled with them. Where they alighted, they covered the ground like a heavy crawling carpet."[10]
Farmers tried killing the locusts with fire and exploding gunpowder, but in one case the mass of locusts smothered the flames.[1] Other unsuccessful efforts to stop the plague included covering fields with sheets and smoking grasshoppers away from crops and into water and oil-filled ditches to drown them.[10] A device called a hopperdozer was invented to fight grasshoppers: its scraper was coated with coal tar and pulled by horses. Dragged against the wind, young locusts would be blown into the tar, but it only worked on flat fields.[11][12]
Missouri's state entomologist Charles Valentine Riley claimed the locusts were not poisonous, were as nutritious as oysters, and could be used to make a variety of dishes, or fried with honey. But since farmers were furiously scooping grasshoppers out of their wells to avoid contamination of their drinking water, and their cattle and horses were refusing to drink from streams stained brown by grasshoppers, it's not likely many farmers fixed grasshoppers for dinner. Chickens and turkeys became inedible: the birds were happy to eat grasshoppers but the meat and eggs became stained with a reddish brown oil.[10][13]
Relief efforts
editCrop damage caused by the locusts was estimated at more than $200 million.[14] Losses from the combination of the plague and the drought were hard to recoup as the country was still in the Long Depression triggered by the Panic of 1873.[10]
Local officials were worried that farmers would give up and move away and that western settlement would suffer, so initially the governors of Kansas and Nebraska established private relief agencies to distribute food and supplies rather than seek state or federal assistance. The Nebraska Relief and Aid Association, organized in September 1874, collected "money, provisions, clothing, fuel, seeds and other necessary supplies" from private sources.
The prevalent attitude of the time toward public assistance was that only the "deserving poor" should receive help. "Deserving" was defined as meaning that their poverty was not the result of immorality, idleness, or individual failure. Farmers themselves shared this perspective, and some refused to accept any help except in the form of temporary loans.[10]
But an exception had been made for the 1871 Great Chicago Fire, when that city had received substantial relief from private citizens, corporations and other cities. In 1874, grasshopper aid organizations cited the national response to the Chicago Fire to justify assisting grasshopper victims, and counties sent representatives east to solicit aid. Farmers unaffected by the plague donated supplies, including barley and corn to Kansas farmers.[15] In the ensuing winter, the Kansas Central Relief Committee received 124 carloads of donations; railroads carried supplies for free. In January 1875 Nebraska Gov. Robert W. Furnas reported more than $68,000 had been received in cash and in-kind donations.[10]
State officials eventually realized that state coffers would have to be opened to provide aid. In January 1875, Nebraska Gov. Furnas recommended, and the state legislature approved, the issuing of $50,000 in state bonds to purchase seed for grasshopper victims. In Kansas, Gov. Thomas A. Osborn convinced the legislature to approve $73,000 in aid bonds. In both Nebraska and Kansas, farmers had to prove they were destitute and had nothing left to sell in order to receive assistance.[6]
The federal government's response was initially limited to an executive order in November 1874 by President Ulysses S. Grant authorizing the distribution of surplus and condemned army clothing in Kansas and Nebraska. Reports began to be received that more help was needed to prevent starvation. An Army major sent to inspect southwestern Nebraska wrote General Edward O. C. Ord, commander of the Department of the Platte, to say that "The destitution existing here is much greater than I expected. Relief must be given these people or hundreds will starve before the winter is half over." In December 1874, Kansas Agricultural Secretary Alfred Gray reported to Governor Osborn "that as much as 70 percent of the population was impoverished in the worst hit counties."[10]
In 1875, the federal government eased residency requirements for homesteaders so that farmers could leave their farms to seek aid, and Congress supplied $30,000 in seeds to the area. Along with food and clothing from the Army, these measures were one of the first efforts by the federal government to provide emergency aid and support to western farmers. According to historian Sam S. Kepfield, "To use funds from the public treasury for disaster relief was almost unheard-of. ... Public funds were for public uses only, and allowing farmers to carry on at their normal labors did not qualify as a public use."[10] Steven R. Kinsella, author of 900 Miles from Nowhere, writes the grasshopper plagues of the 1870s "started a relationship between agricultural producers and the government that continues to this day." Riley wrote in his 1877 book The Locust Plague in the United States that death and famine in the affected regions were averted by the aid.[16]
Grasshopper plagues continued on the Great Plains during the next two years. An estimated 3.5 trillion-grasshopper plague occurred in June 1875, but for several springs after the 1874 invasion, farmers turned up millions of grasshopper eggs while plowing their fields, which destroyed the eggs in the process. An early frost in spring 1875 also helped to combat future infestations.[17][18] The population of Rocky Mountain locusts continued to decline each year after 1874;[1] development of the West may explain their extinction by the early 1900s.[10]
Cultural impact
editLaura Ingalls Wilder wrote about the locust devastation of her family’s Minnesota farm in one of her memoir books for children, On the Banks of Plum Creek.[19]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Lyons, Chuck (February 5, 2012). "1874: The Year of the Locust". HistoryNet. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ Yu, G.; Johnson, D; Ke, X.; Li, Y. (August 20, 2012). "A probe into the different fates of locust swarms in the plains of North America and East Asia" (PDF). Biogeosciences. doi:10.5194/bgd-9-11179-2012. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
- ^ Dawson, George Mercer (1876). Notes on the locust invasion of 1874: in Manitoba and the North-West Territories. Montréal?: s.n.
- ^ Behmer, ST; Joern, A (2012). "Insect herbivore outbreaks views through a physiological framework: insights from Orthoptera". Konza Prairie Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ American Bibliographical Center (1979). America, History and Life: Article abstracts and citations. Part A. Clio Press. p. 83. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ a b Bristow, David L. (July 15, 2022). "Clouds of Grasshoppers in 1874". Nebraskaland. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
- ^ Partsch, Tammy (2012). It Happened in Nebraska. Morris Book Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7627-6971-1.
- ^ Stratton, Joanna (2013). Pioneer Women. Touchstone. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4767-5359-1. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ Miner, Craig (1986). West of Wichita: Settling the High Plains of Kansas, 1865–1890. University Press of Kansas. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7006-0364-0. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wagner, Alexandra M. (2008). "Grasshoppered: America's Response to the 1874 Rocky Mountain Locust Invasion" (PDF). Nebraska History (89): 154–167 – via Nebraska State Historical Society.
- ^ Sugar. R. Palmer. 1915. p. 11-PA54. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ Froggatt, Walter Wilson (1900). Plague Locusts. p. 7. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ Sorensen, W. Conner; Smith, Edward H.; Smith, Janet R. (2019). Charles Valentine Riley: Founder of Modern Entomology. University of Alabama Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-8173-2009-6. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ McTier, Rosemary Scanlon (2013). An Insect View of Its Plain: Insects, Nature and God in Thoreau, Dickinson and Muir. McFarland, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-7864-6493-7. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ "Grasshopper Plague of 1874". Kansapedia. June 2003. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
- ^ Riley, Charles Valentine (1877). The Locust Plague in the United States: Being More Particularly a Treatise on the Rocky Mountain Locust Or So-called Grasshopper, as it Occurs East of the Rocky Mountains, with Practical Recommendations for Its Destruction. Rand, McNally & Company. p. 39-40. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- ^ McComb, David G. (1989). Texas, a Modern History. University of Texas Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-292-74665-7. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- ^ Barnes, Simon (2022). A History of the World in 100 Animals. Simon and Schuster. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-64313-916-6. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
- ^ Fraser, Caroline (December 5, 2017). "Laura Ingalls Wilder and One of The Greatest Natural Disasters in American History". Literary Hub. Retrieved November 9, 2022.