Lomonosov (Russian: Ломоно́сов) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Lomonosova (Russian: Ломоно́сова). Notable people with the surname include:
- Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russian polymath and writer
- Sergey Lomonosov (1799–1857), Russian diplomat
- Yury Lomonosov (1876–1952), Russian railway engineer