London County Council cottage estates are estates of council houses, built by London County Council, in the main between 1918 and 1939.
Council-built housing
editThe City of London Corporation built tenements in the Farringdon Road in 1865,[1] but this was an isolated instance. The first council to build housing as an integrated policy was Liverpool Corporation,[2] starting with St Martin's Cottages in Ashfield Street, Vauxhall, completed in 1869.[3] That year a royal commission was held, as the state had taken an interest in housing and housing policy. This led to the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 70),[4] which encouraged the London authority to improve the housing in their areas.[5] It also gave them the power acquire land and to build tenements and houses (cottages). As a consequence London County Council opened the Boundary Estate in 1900, a block dwelling estate of tenements in Tower Hamlets.[6]
The first four cottage estates were at Norbury, Old Oak, Totterdown Fields and White Hart Lane.
Homes fit for heroes – interwar policy
editIn 1912 Raymond Unwin, published a pamphlet Nothing gained by Overcrowding.[7] He worked on the influential Tudor Walters Report of 1918, which recommended housing in short terraces, spaced at 70 feet (21 m) at a density of 12 to the acre. The First World War indirectly provided a new impetus, when the poor physical health and condition of many urban recruits to the army was noted with alarm. This led to a campaign known as Homes fit for heroes. In 1919 the Government, through the Housing Act 1919 required councils to provide housing built to the Tudor Walters standards, helping them to do so through the provision of subsidies.[8]
| House
without a parlour |
Area sq ft (m2) | Volume cu ft (m3) | House
with a parlour |
Area sq ft (m2) | Volume cu ft (m3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parlour | 120 (11) | 960 (27) | ||||
| Living Room | 180 (17) | 1,440 (41) | Living Room | 180 (17) | 1,440 (41) | |
| Scullery | 80 (7.4) | 640 (18) | Scullery | 80 (7.4) | 640 (18) | |
| Larder | 24 (2.2) | - | Larder | 24 (2.2) | - | |
| Bedroom No. 1 | 150 (14) | 1,200 (34) | Bedroom No. 1 | 160 (15) | 1,280 (36) | |
| Bedroom No. 2 | 100 (9.3) | 800 (23) | Bedroom No. 2 | 120 (11) | 960 (27) | |
| Bedroom No. 3 | 65 (6.0) | 520 (15) | Bedroom No. 3 | 110 (10) | 880 (25) | |
| Total | 855 sq ft (79.4 m2) | 1,055 sq ft (98.0 m2) | ||||
| Desirable Minimum sizes- Tudor Walters Committee [9] | ||||||
London County Council embraced these freedoms and planned 8 cottage estates in the peripheries of London: Becontree, St Helier, Downham, Watling for example; seven further followed including Bellingham. Houses were built on green field land on the peripheries of urban London.[10]
| Estate name | Area | No of dwellings | Population 1938 | Population density |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-1914 | ||||
| Norbury | 11 | 218 | 867 | 19.8 per acre (49/ha) |
| Old Oak | 32 | 736 | 3519 | 23 per acre (57/ha) |
| Totterdown Fields | 39 | 1262 | — | 32.4 per acre (80/ha) |
| Tower Gardens White Hart Lane |
98 | 783 | 5936 | 8 per acre (20/ha) |
| 1919–1923 | ||||
| Becontree | 2770 | 25769[a] | 115652 | 9.3 per acre (23/ha) |
| Bellingham | 252 | 2673 | 12004 | 10.6 per acre (26/ha) |
| Castelnau | 51 | 644 | 2851 | 12.6 per acre (31/ha) |
| Dover House Estate Roehampton Estate |
147 | 1212 | 5383 | 8.2 per acre (20/ha) |
| 1924–1933 | ||||
| Downham | 600 | 7096 | 30032 | 11.8 per acre (29/ha) |
| Mottingham | 202 | 2337 | 9009 | 11.6 per acre (29/ha) |
| St Helier | 825 | 9068 | 39877 | 11 per acre (27/ha) |
| Watling | 386 | 4034 | 19110 | 10.5 per acre (26/ha) |
| Wormholt | 68 | 783 | 4078 | 11.5 per acre (28/ha) |
| 1934–1939 | ||||
| Chingford[b] | 217 | 1540 | — | 7.1 per acre (18/ha) |
| Hanwell (Ealing) | 140 | 1587 | 6732 | 11.3 per acre (28/ha) |
| Headstone Lane | 142 | n.a | 5000 | |
| Kenmore Park | 58 | 654 | 2078 | 11.3 per acre (28/ha) |
| Thornhill (Royal Borough of Greenwich) |
21 | 380 | 1598 | 18.1 per acre (45/ha) |
| Whitefoot Lane (Downham) | 49 | n.a | n.a. | |
|
Source:
| ||||
The Addison Act provided subsidies solely to local authorities and not to private builders. Many houses were built over the next few years in cottage estates.[11] Following the Geddes Axe of 1922, the Housing, &c. Act 1923 stopped subsidies going to council houses but did extend subsidies to private builders.
The first Labour government took office in 1924. The Housing (Financial Provisions) Act 1924 restored subsidies to municipal housing but at a lower level. It failed to make any provision for the lower paid, who were living in the worse conditions, and could not afford to pay the higher rents of the new houses.[citation needed]
Examples of these were built at the Downham Estate in London,[12] Blocks of flats were also built.[13]
Design of the estates
editThis was dictated by the topology and the desired densities.
Design of the houses
editMost of the houses were brick built, but due to the shortage of bricks and wood in the early 1920s, and the availability of factories tooled up for war work some interesting experimental designs and prefabrications.
Furnishing the house
editAn advertisement offering to complete furnish an Atholl all-steel house in Downham for £78.17.11d, gave a full list of what was needed.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Tarn, J. N. (1973) Five Percent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press pp. 42, 61
- ^ Beggs-Humphreys, M, Gregor, H and Humphreys, D (1959) The Industrial Revolution, Oxford, Routledge p. 34
- ^ "St Martin's Cottages municipal housing, Silvester Street, Liverpool | RIBA". architecture.com. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
- ^ "Housing of The Working Classes Act, 1890". Irish Statutes. Government of Ireland. 1890. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ UWE 2008.
- ^ Yelling 1995, p. 167.
- ^ Parkinson-Bailey 2000, p. 153.
- ^ UK Parliament- Acts 2015.
- ^ Manoochehri 2009, p. 70.
- ^ Just like the country 1991, p. 6.
- ^ Hollow 2011.
- ^ "Why the estate was needed - Case Studies". Ideal Homes.
- ^ Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press,2006 (ISBN 0-7862-8517-6)
- ^ Just like the country 1991, p. 20.
Bibliography
edit- "History of Council Housing". University of the West of England. 2008. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000). Manchester: an Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5606-3.
- Burnett, John (1986). A social history of housing : 1815–1985 (2nd e. ed.). New York: Methuen. ISBN 0416367801.
- Hanley, Lynsey (2012). Estates : an intimate history (New ed.). Granta: Granta. ISBN 9781847087027.
- Hollow, Matthew (2011). "Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates". Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- Manoochehri, Jamileh (2009). "Social policy and housing: reflections of social values - UCL Discovery" (PDF): 413. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Meek, James (2014). "Where shall we live". London Review of Books. 36 (1): 7–16.
- Panagidis; Savva (2015). "Entry #411:Southwyck Open House". Designing the Urban Common. Theatrum Mundi. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- "Case Studies - Progress Estate". ideal-homes.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- de Pennington, Joanne (2011). "Beneath the Surface: A Country of Two Nations". BBC History. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- Rubinstein, Antonia; Andrews, Andy; Schweitzer, Pam (1991). "Just like the country" (PDF). Age Exchange. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Rubinstein, Antonia; Andrews, Andy; Schweitzer, Pam (1991). "Just like the country part 2" (PDF). Age Exchange. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Yelling, J.A. (1995). "Banishing London's slums: The interwar cottage estates" (PDF). Transactions. 46. London and Middlesex Archeological Society: 167–173. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- "Council Housing". Living Heritage-Improving towns. UK Parliament. Retrieved 9 December 2015.