Long March 2 rocket family or Chang Zheng 2 rocket family as in Chinese pinyin is an expendable launch system operated by the People's Republic of China. The rockets use the abbreviations LM-2 family for export, and CZ-2 family within China, as "Chang Zheng" means "Long March" in Chinese pinyin. They are part of the larger Long March rocket family. Development and design falls mostly under the auspices of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT).
History
editLong March 2 was the original model in the Long March 2 rocket family, which was derived from China's first ICBM, the DF-5. The development work began in 1970. The first rocket was launched on November 5, 1974,[1] but the launch failed. After the failed first launch of Long March 2, its design was slightly modified and designated as Long March 2A. Long March 2A was successfully launched in 1975.[2] The production of the Long March 2A ended in 1979.
Long March 2C and Long March 2D's first launches occurred in 1982 and 1992 respectively.
The Long March 2E was the first in the Long March rocket family to introduce liquid rocket boosters, as well as a solid rocket perigee kick stage, to improve its GTO payload capacity to satisfy the domestic and international launch market in the 1990s. It was first launched in 1992. However, the Long March 2E had problems with excessive vibration, destroying the Optus B2 and Apstar 2 satellites and damaging AsiaSat 2.[3][4] After 2 failures and 1 partial failure, the Long March 2E was withdrawn from the market after just 5 years in operation.
The development of Long March 2F began in 1992 as a human-rated version of the Long March 2E.[5] Its first launch was in November 1999 (See also Shenzhou 1). This version is the safest model in the Long March 2 family, with 11 launches and no failure record. An unmanned derivative called Long March 2F/G carries the bulkier Tiangong space laboratories.[6]
Long March 2D and Long March 4 were developed by the Shanghai Academy of Space Flight Technology (SAST), while all others are developed by CALT.
Long March 3
editThe designations Long March 2A and Long March 2B were originally applied to design studies of Long March 2 derivatives for geostationary payloads. Long March 2A would use a cryogenic third stage, and Long March 2B a hypergolic one. Neither design was finalized. The 2A design was adopted as the Long March 3.[7]
Specifications
edit| Series | 2A | 2C | 2D | 2E | 2F |
| Model |  |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| Stages | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters) |
2 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters) |
| Length (m) | 31.170 | 35.150 | 33.667 (Sans fairings) |
49.686 | 62 |
| Max. diameter (m) | 3.35 | 3.35 | 3.35 | 7.85 | 7.85 |
| Liftoff mass (t) | 190 | 192 | 232 | 462 | 464 |
| Liftoff thrust (kN) | 2786 | 2786 | 2962 | 5923 | 6512 |
| Payload (LEO, kg) | 1800 | 2400 | 3100 | 9200 | 8400 |
Launch history
editThe following launch statistics are gathered from the individual Wikipedia pages of each CZ-2x variants as those pages are updated more frequently by various editors; the numbers are current as of 13 November, 2023.
| Derivatives | Status | First flight | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial Failures |
| Long March 2 | Retired | 5 November 1974 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Long March 2A | Retired | 26 November 1975 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Long March 2C | Active | 9 September 1982 | 75 | 74 | 1 | 0 |
| Long March 2D | Active | 9 August 1992 | 83 | 82 | 0 | 1 |
| Long March 2E | Retired | 16 July 1990 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Long March 2F | Active | 19 November 1999 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
Launches by rocket configurations
edit1970–2009
edit- Long March 2/2A
- Long March 2C
- Long March 2D
- Long March 2E
- Long March 2F
2010–2024
edit- Long March 2C
- Long March 2D
- Long March 2F
References
edit
- ^ "Go Taikonauts! - Launch Vehicle". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ Torishima, Shinya (2014-12-08). "中国の長征ロケット・シリーズ、200機目の打ち上げを達成" [China's Long March Rockets Achieve 200 Launches]. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
- ^ Zinger, Kurtis J. (26 October 2014). "An Overreaction that Destroyed an Industry: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Satellite Export Controls" (PDF). University of Colorado Law Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2022.
- ^ "CZ-2E Space Launch Vehicle". GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^ "Space Launchers - Long March". Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ Jones, Morris (2016-01-27). "Last Launch for Long March 2F/G". Space Daily. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
The principal difference between the Shenzhou-launching Long March 2F and its 2F/G cousin is easy to spot. The 2F/G carries a very different payload fairing at its top. This accounts. for the larger dimensions of the Tiangong laboratory, which wouldn't fit inside the standard payload fairing for the 2F.
It also lacks an emergency escape system. With no astronauts on board, the escape rocket and stabilizer panels that help Shenzhou spacecraft to separate from their rocket in a launch failure are not needed. This simplifies the design and also reduces the weight of the rocket. That's critical. Tiangong modules weigh more than Shenzhou spacecraft, so this helps to keep the overall launch mass within performance limits. - ^ Wu, Min (2013-06-17). "长征谱系：在研重型火箭运载能力为现役型号6倍" [Long March Rocket Family: Heavy Launcher in Development Would Have Six Times Greater Capability] (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 2017-08-28.