Lucile Harris Bluford (July 1, 1911 – June 13, 2003) was a journalist and opponent of segregation in America's education system, and after whom the Lucile H. Bluford Branch of the Kansas City Public Library is named.[1][2]
Early life
editLucile Bluford was born on July 1, 1911, in Salisbury, North Carolina, to John Henry Bluford and Viola Harris Bluford.[3] Her father was a professor at the state's Agricultural and Technical College.[4] In 1921 when Bluford was 10, and upon the death of his mother, John Bluford accepted a position teaching science at Lincoln High School in Kansas City, Missouri.[5][6] Bluford attended Wendell Phillips Elementary and Lincoln High School. At a young age, she was exposed to segregated education, as Missouri was a Jim Crow state that adhered to "separate but equal" doctrine.[5]
Career
editBluford was encouraged in her interest in journalism by a high school English teacher, Trussie Smothers, at the segregated Lincoln High School. She was the valedictorian of her 1928 graduating class. After high school, she attended the University of Kansas School of Journalism with honors in 1932. Bluford was the second Black student[3] to ever study at the KU journalism program, and served as night editor and telegraph editor on the school's student newspaper. After graduating, Bluford worked for The Daily World in Atlanta, reneging on her promise to work at the Call. She worked on the school newspaper and yearbook, and after school, at the Black-owned newspaper, the Kansas City Call.[7] Her career at the Call lasted for 69 years. Bluford made weekly newspapers which addressed the unfair treatment of African Americans and the paper fought for racial justice.[8] Upon returning to Kansas City, she worked for the Black-owned weekly, The American. Chester A. Franklin, founder of the Call, contacted Bluford and told her he had an opening for her at his newspaper.[9] She began working for the Kansas City Call in 1932.[10] She stayed at the Call for the entirety of her career, rising through the ranks until she was the second editor and publisher of the newspaper. After Franklin's death in 1955, Bluford became part-owner with Franklin's widow, Ada Crogman Franklin, and continued to work at the newspaper until her death.
Lawsuits
editIn 1939, Bluford applied to the Master of Journalism program at the renowned Missouri School of Journalism in Columbia, Missouri, and her application was originally accepted but once she showed to enroll she was denied because of her race.[11] At the time Bluford attempted to enroll, African-American students were expected to attend all-Black Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri, 30 miles away from the Columbia, Missouri, university campus.
What sparked Bluford's interest in suing the University of Missouri is the law suit of Lloyd L. Gaines. Gaines filed a law suit against the University of Missouri which eventually went to the Supreme Court. The Court ruled that the University must allow the acceptance of Black students into the law school. [12]
On October 13, 1939, with the help of Charles Huston of the NAACP, Bluford filed the first of several lawsuits against the university.[13] Due in part to her association with the NAACP, Bluford was denied admission to the University of Missouri's graduate journalism program. MU officials insisted she must enroll in Lincoln University's journalism program, even though Lincoln had no such program.[14] By 1941, her case had made it to the Missouri Supreme Court, but she lost. Citing low attendance because of World War II, the University of Missouri subsequently closed its graduate journalism program. The case prompted the opening of a School of Journalism at Lincoln University.[15] After 11 attempts, Bluford never attended the University of Missouri.[14]
Legacy
editBluford has been called the "Matriarch"[16] and the "Conscience"[17] of Kansas City. The University of Missouri honored Bluford with an honorary doctorate degree in 1989. The University also named a residence hall in her honor in 2018.[18] The State of Missouri recognizes July 1 as Lucile Bluford Day to honor her contributions to journalism and the state.[19] In 2002, Bluford received the Kansas Citian of the Year Award from the Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce.[20] Bluford also received a Distinguished Service Award from the NAACP.[21]
| 1961 | Curator's Award in Journalism from Lincoln University, Jefferson City, M.O. |
|---|---|
| 1973 | Served as Pulitzer Prize Journalism person |
| 1975 | Distinguished Service Award from NAACP in N.Y. |
| 1976 | Roy Wilkins Award from Gary, I.N. |
References
edit- ^ "Bluford blazed trail in civil rights: Former editor of newspaper dead at 91." Archived 2015-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Extensive resources at Missouri State Historical Society web page "Famous Missourians: Lucile H. Bluford"
- ^ a b "Lucile H. Bluford". KC Call. July 21, 1988.
- ^ Jones, Vonnie V. (1989). Show Me Missouri Women: Selected Biographies. Kirksville, Missouri: The Thomas Jefferson University Press. pp. 140–141.
- ^ a b "Lucile Bluford - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society of Missouri". shsmo.org. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
- ^ "Lucile H. Bluford". KC History. July 15, 2019.
- ^ Beveridge, Mary (July 15, 2019). "Lucile H. Bluford: Journalist 1911-2003". KC History.
- ^ "Lucile H. Bluford". The Pendergast Years. 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
- ^ Lucile H. Bluford: Obituary. Special Collection, Kansas City Public Library
- ^ "UMKC Libraries | Lucile H. Bluford Collection". library.umkc.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "About Lucile H. Bluford". Kansas City Public Library. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
- ^ Grothaus, Larry (1984). ""The Inevitable Mr. Gaines": The Long Struggle to Desegregate the University of Missouri 1936-1950". Arizona and the West. 26 (1): 21–42. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40169332.
- ^ "Celebrating Lucile Bluford". Mizzou News. July 15, 2019.
- ^ a b Grothaus, Larry (1984). ""The Inevitable Mr. Gaines": The Long Struggle to Desegregate the University of Missouri 1936-1950". Arizona and the West. 26 (1): 21–42. ISSN 0004-1408. JSTOR 40169332.
- ^ Beveridge, Mary (July 15, 2019). "Lucile H. Bluford: Journalist, 1911-2003". KC History.
- ^ "BIOGRAPHY OF LUCILE H. BLUFORD (1911-2003), JOURNALIST AND FORMER OWNER/PUBLISHER OF "THE CALL" NEWSPAPER".
- ^ "UMKC Libraries | Lucile H. Bluford Collection". library.umkc.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
- ^ "Lucile Bluford". Emily Taylor Center for Women & Gender Equity. 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ "Lucile Bluford Day". Kansas City Public Library. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
- ^ Lucile H. Bluford, Obituary. Special Collections, Kansas City Public Library.
- ^ a b ""Lucile H. Bluford"". KC Call. July 21, 1988.