Ludwig von Milewski, also Ludwig Milewsky[1] (24 August 1825 – 10 May 1849), was a Polish painter. He was shot dead on a barricade as a leader of revolutionary street fighters in the 1849 May uprising in Düsseldorf.
Life
editMilewski was born in Kalisz, Congress Poland. Little is known about his life. Between 1844 and 1845 he had studied painting with Karl Ferdinand Sohn.[2] Sohn was one of the teachers at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf who, together with their students, took part in the events during the German revolutions of 1848-1849. For example, he had designed an allegorical Germania statue for the "Festival of German Unity", which was organised by the Democrats on 6 August 1848 on Friedrichsplatz in Düsseldorf.[3]
In May 1849 the revolution also came to a head in the Rhine Province. This followed Frederick William IV of Prussia's rejection of the limited imperial dignity under the Frankfurt Constitution offered to him by the Emperor's Deputation via a German Empire. Milewski, like some other academy students, was involved in the Düsseldorf Volksklub,[4] a local association of supporters of the ideas of republicanism and socialism under the leadership of Julius Wulff, who had close relations with the Kölner Arbeiterverein. He published an appeal in the Düsseldorfer Zeitung to the citizens to urge the Prussian state government to give freedom to the Poles. Milewski's brother was also very active politically in the context of the revolutionary events, so that the police considered expelling the brothers.[5] During the Imperial Constitution campaign, Milewski was a leader of uprisings that took action against the Prussian authorities in Düsseldorf by street fighting and attempting to occupy official buildings.[6] On 7 May 1849, the provisional government president Friedrich von Spankeren declared a state of siege. On 9 May 1849, the Gerresheim doctor Peter Joseph Neunzig called for armed struggle from the window of Lorenz Cantador's residence on Düsseldorf's Marktplatz. News spread that the republic had been proclaimed in Elberfeld and that military from the Düsseldorf garrison were marching there, barricades were built in the city and armed citizens attacked the city hall and the main guard. The ensuing bloody fighting between citizens and Prussian military, which claimed 16 lives on the side of the insurgents,[7] lasted from 9 o'clock in the evening until 5 o'clock in the morning of 10 May 1849.[8] In these battles, Milewski commanded a barricade in Grabenstraße [9] and suffered a fatal gunshot wound. The shot from a Prussian infantryman is said to have hit Milewski as he jumped onto the barricade to ask the soldiers not to shoot at the people.[10]
Reception
editThe dramatic event was understood to be a sacrificial death; Milewski was buried at the Golzheimer Friedhof[11] and celebrated as a hero. Hundreds came to decorate his coffin, which was lined all in red. The solemn march past turned into a real demonstration, so much so that the military was deployed to break it up.[12][13] A depiction of his laying out was distributed as a lithograph. In 1849, the deaf-mute Düsseldorf still life painter Joseph Wilms produced a vanitas and commemorative painting of Milewski, entitled The Legacy of Ludwig von Milewski, which is now inventoried in the Stadtmuseum Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf. This painting shows a variety of objects intended to symbolise Milewski's life and the political context of his death, such as the Statut der Bürger-Garde zu Düsseldorf, a Hambacher Fest with Schwarz-Rot-Golden cockade and a Kuchenreuter handgun.[10]
Milewski's tomb, which had been placed in the Golzheim cemetery by Milewski's parents in 1852, was moved from Field IX to Field VII in 1948. In 2016, the District 1, Düsseldorf decided to ask the administration to relocate the tomb back to its original place.[14] Furthermore, the district council decided to ask the administration to erect a memorial for all victims of the civil uprising of 1848/1849 at the northern end of the Golzheim cemetery. For this purpose, a model by the artist Ramon Graefenstein is available, who has designed a structural facility with crosses in a circular arrangement.[15][16]
References
edit- ^ Vgl. Nrn. 9419 und 9420 im Findbuch 212.01.04 Schülerlisten der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Webseite im Portal archive.nrw.de (Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen)
- ^ Bettina Baumgärtel, Sabine Schroyen, Lydia Immerheiser, Sabine Teichgröb: Verzeichnis der ausländischen Künstler und Künstlerinnen. Nationalität, Aufenthalt und Studium in Düsseldorf. In Sabine Baumgärtel (ed.): Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule und ihre internationale Ausstrahlung 1819–1918. Vol. 1, Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-86568-702-9, p. 436
- ^ Hugo Weidenhaupt: Kleine Düsseldorfer Stadtgeschichte. Triltsch Verlag, Düsseldorf 1983, neunte überarbeitete Auflage, p. 109, Abbildung der Germania auf p. 108
- ^ Wolfgang Hütt: Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule 1819–1869. VEB E.A. Seemann Buch- und Kunstverlag, Leipzig 1984, p. 190
- ^ Wilhelm Herchenbach: Düsseldorf und seine Umgebung in den Revolutionsjahren 1848–1849. Düsseldorf 1882, p. 61 (Numerized), 135 (Numerized)
- ^ Hermann Joseph Aloys Körner: Lebenskämpfe in der Alten und Neuen Welt. Eine Selbstbiographie. Meyer und Zeller, Zürich 1866, p. 74 (online)
- ^ Jürgen Herres: Das preußische Rheinland in der Revolution von 1848/49. In Stephan Lennartz, Georg Mölich (ed.): Revolution im Rheinland. Veränderung der politischen Kultur 1848/49. In Bensberger Protokolle (Schriftenreihe der Thomas-Morus-Akademie Bensberg), Cologne 1998, fascicule 29, pp. 13–36
- ^ Denkschrift über die Belagerungszustände in der Sammt-Gemeinde Düsseldorf, den Kreisen Elberfeld, Solingen und der Stadt Wittlich. In Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Zweiten Kammer, Deckersche Geheime Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin, 21 August 1849, first volume, p. 208 (Online)
- ^ Wolfgang Hütt, p. 304
- ^ a b Katrin DuBois: Die Hinterlassenschaft des Ludwig von Milewski, 1849. In Bettina Baumgärtel (ed.): Die Düsseldorfer Malerschule und ihre internationale Ausstrahlung 1819–1918. Vol. 2, Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-86568-702-9, pp. 313 f. (catalogue no. 263)
- ^ Nördlicher Teil, Feld VIII – Vgl. Der Tod in Düsseldorf, Webseite im Portal postmortal.de, retrieved 10 September 2021
- ^ Wilhelm Herchenbach: Düsseldorf und seine Umgebung in den Revolutionsjahren 1848/49. Düsseldorf 1882, pp. 151 f.
- ^ Wolfgang Hütt, pp. 203 f.
- ^ Es lebe die Revolution! Article from 10 September 2016 im Portal rp-online.de, retrieved 10 September 2021
- ^ Birgit Halcour (Der Golzheimer Friedhof soll leben e.V.): Programm 2017, 2017 program flyer
- ^ Vorlage 171/ 139/2016: Antrag vom 10. Juni 2016: Golzheimer Friedhof: Gedenkplatz für die Gefallenen der Düsseldorfer Revolution von 1848/1849 (Online-Datei)
