Ludwigia grandiflora, the water primrose, is an aquatic plant of the order Myrtales.[2]
| Ludwigia grandiflora | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | Ludwigia |
| Species: | L. grandiflora
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| Binomial name | |
| Ludwigia grandiflora | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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It is closely related and easily confused with Ludwigia hexapetala.[3] The two species can be distinguished at a chromosomal level, because L. grandiflora is hexaploid and L. hexapetala is decaploid.[4] However, they can be distinguished morphologically. L. grandiflora has villous hairs, smaller flowers and smaller pollen grains.[4] Some authorities consider that these differences are too slight to consider these different species and so separate these taxa as two varieties or two subspecies.[5][6]
Invasive species
editLudwigia grandiflora has been listed on the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern since 2016[7] and in the United States it is on the South Carolina State-listed Noxious Weed list.[8] It out-competes other plants by forming dense mats at the margins and in ponds.[9] It is introduced to warm temperate areas of North America, Japan and Europe and has formed large stable populations, particularly in France.[10] As of summer 2024, the Portuegese city of Arganil announces measures against the species in its river Alva.[11]
Life history
editLudwigia grandiflora can, and does, produce viable seed, but it is also highly effective at vegetative reproduction and apparently recruitment of new plants from seed is low.[12] The large showy flowers attract a wide variety of insects. A study in Belgium, where L. grandiflora is introduced, showed that the flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects including bees, Lepidoptera, beetles and hoverflies.[13]
References
edit- ^ "Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". The Plant List. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ Jacono, Colette. "Identification of common aquatic water-primrose species, Ludwigia, in Florida" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
- ^ a b Zardini, Elsa M.; Gu, Hongya; Raven, Peter H. (1991). "On the separation of two species within the Ludwigia uruguayensis complex (Onagraceae)". Systematic Botany. 16 (2): 242. doi:10.2307/2419276. JSTOR 2419276.
- ^ Ward, Daniel Bertram (2012). "New combinations in the Florida Flora III". Phytologia. 94 (3): 459–485. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-01-28 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Nesom, Guy; Kartesz, John (2000). "Observations on the Ludwigia uruguayensis complex (Onagraceae) in the United States". Castanea. 65 (2): 123–125. JSTOR 4034110.
- ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
- ^ "South Carolina State Noxious Weeds List | USDA PLANTS". plants.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
- ^ "Ludwigia grandiflora - Bugwoodwiki". wiki.bugwood.org. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
- ^ Dandelot, Sophie; Verlaque, Régine; Dutartre, Alain; Cazaubon, Arlette (2005). "Ecological, dynamic and taxonomic problems due to Ludwigia (Onagraceae) in France". Hydrobiologia. 551 (1): 131–136. doi:10.1007/s10750-005-4455-0. S2CID 46339363.
- ^ https://correiodabeiraserra.sapo.pt/arganil-esta-a-proceder-ao-combate-das-especies-invasoras-no-rio-alva/
- ^ Okada, Miki; Grewell, Brenda J.; Jasieniuk, Marie (2009-10-01). "Clonal spread of invasive Ludwigia hexapetala and L. grandiflora in freshwater wetlands of California". Aquatic Botany. 91 (3): 123–129. Bibcode:2009AqBot..91..123O. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.03.006.
- ^ Stiers, Iris; Triest, Ludwig (2017-10-01). "Low interspecific pollen transfer between invasive aquatic Ludwigia grandiflora and native co-flowering plants". Biological Invasions. 19 (10): 2913–2925. Bibcode:2017BiInv..19.2913S. doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1494-1. S2CID 7022310. Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
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