The Luftwaffe field divisions (German: Luftwaffen-Feld-Divisionen) were the ground forces of the German Luftwaffe during World War II.
History
editThe divisions were originally authorized in October 1942, following suggestions that the German Army (Heer) could be bolstered by transferring personnel from other services. The head of the Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring, formulated an alternative plan to raise his own infantry formations under the command of Luftwaffe officers; this was at least partly due to political differences with the Army. Göring took great pride in the degree of political commitment and indoctrination of Luftwaffe personnel; he described paratroopers of the Luftwaffe as "political soldiers". The Army was considered by Nazi standards too "conservative" – linked to conservative or monarchical traditions and ideals harking back to the Imperial days of the Kaiser.
The plan was approved, and the divisions were raised from 200,000–250,000 Luftwaffe ground, support, and other excess personnel. They were initially organized with two Jäger (light infantry) regiments of three battalions each, along with an artillery battalion and other support units, but were substantially smaller than equivalent Army divisions, and by Göring's personal order were intended to be restricted to defensive duties in quieter sectors.
Most of the units spent much of their existence on the Eastern Front. Luftwaffe Field Divisions were present at actions such as the "Little Stalingrad of the North", the attempt to relieve Velikiye Luki in November 1942–January 1943; the attempted defence of Vitebsk during Operation Bagration in June 1944, and the fighting in the Courland Pocket from July 1944 to May 1945, though they also fought in other theatres.
The Luftwaffe Field Divisions initially remained under Luftwaffe command, but late in 1943 those that had not already been disbanded were handed over to the Army and were reorganized as standard infantry divisions with three two-battalion rifle regiments. They retained their numbering, but with Luftwaffe attached to distinguish them from similarly numbered divisions already existing in the Army and had Army officers.
Until taken over by the Army, and in many cases for some time afterwards, these units were issued with standard Luftwaffe feldblau ("field blue") uniforms, and being so easily identifiable were said to often be singled out by opposing forces. Their reputation as combat troops was poor, despite the high standard of Luftwaffe recruits, at least in part because they were required to perform roles for which they as airmen usually had little training. An exception to the poor combat performance of Luftwaffe ground troops were Fallschirmjäger (paratrooper) units, whose performance was generally good, due to higher motivation, better training and higher entrance standards when compared to the Luftwaffe Field Divisions. Early Fallschirmjäger troops were also transferred directly from the Army to the Luftwaffe. Luftwaffe Field Division airmen were frequently used for rear-echelon duties to free up front-line troops.
List of Luftwaffe Field Divisions
edit
| Name | Notes |
|---|---|
| 1st Luftwaffe Field Division | Reached the front in December 1942 and assigned to the 18th Army near Novgorod. Transferred to the German Army in December 1943. Suffered heavy losses in its first major combat operation, the defense against the Soviet Leningrad–Novgorod offensive of January–March 1944. Disbanded soon afterwards, with its personnel absorbed by the Army's 28th Jäger Division.[1] |
| 2nd Luftwaffe Field Division | Like all the Luftwaffe Field Divisions, the 2nd was in fact the size of a brigade, with only four infantry battalions, and especially weak in artillery with just eight Skoda 75 mm mountain guns and a battery of Sturmgeschütz III assault guns. It suffered heavy losses in its first action south of Belyi in the Soviet Union during Operation Mars in November–December 1942.[2] At the Battle of Nevel in October–December 1943, the Soviet assault force destroyed the division.[3] |
| 3rd Luftwaffe Field Division | Fought in the Soviet Union under Army Group Center in the Nevel area from November 1942 to October 1943. Transferred to the German Army in November 1943. Suffered heavy losses in combat around Vitebsk between November 1943 and January 1944 and disbanded soon afterward. The 4th and 6th Luftwaffe Field Divisions absorbed its personnel. |
| 4th Luftwaffe Field Division | Fought in the Soviet Union under Army Group Center in the Vitebsk area from November 1942 to June 1944. Transferred to the German Army in November 1943. Destroyed defending Vitebsk during the Soviet Vitebsk–Orsha offensive in June 1944. |
| 5th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 6th Luftwaffe Field Division | Destroyed defending Vitebsk during the Soviet Vitebsk–Orsha offensive in June 1944. |
| 7th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 8th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 9th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 10th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 11th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 12th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 13th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 14th Luftwaffe Field Division | formed in late 1942 from the 61st Air Regiment. Sent to Norway in 1943 to release army unit. Served in the occupation of Norway and the occupation of Denmark, seeing no combat. |
| 15th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 16th Luftwaffe Field Division | Eventually transferred to the Army as the 16th Luftwaffe Infantry Division (later 16th Volksgrenadier Division) |
| 17th Luftwaffe Field Division | |
| 18th Luftwaffe Field Division | Deployed in France |
| 19. Luftwaffen-Sturm-Division | Remnants used to form 19th Grenadier Division, later 19 Volksgrenadier |
| 20th Luftwaffe Field Division | later 20th Luftwaffe Sturm Division |
| 21st Luftwaffe Field Division | previously the Meindl Division, an ad hoc collection of Luftwaffe resources |
| 22nd Luftwaffe Field Division | Never formed; its sub-units were assigned to other divisions. |
Luftwaffe Field Corps
edit- I Luftwaffe Field Corps, planned during the winter of 1942–1943 on the basis of the 13th Air Corps (German: XIII. Fliegerkorps), but never really established.
- II Luftwaffe Field Corps, October 1942–1 November 1943: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th Luftwaffe Field Divisions (Alfred Schlemm)
- III Luftwaffe Field Corps, January 1943–November 1943: 9th and 10th Luftwaffe Field Division (Job Odebrecht)
- IV Luftwaffe Field Corps, January 1943–19 November 1944: 189th and 198th Infantry Divisions (Army) and 716th Static Infantry Division (Army) (Erich Petersen)[4]
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Mitcham 2007a, pp. 299–300.
- ^ Ruffner 1990, pp. 10-12, 16
- ^ Glantz, Battle for Belorussia, pp. 39-41
- ^ Lexikon der Wehrmacht
Bibliography
edit- Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007a). German Order of Battle. Vol. Two: 291st–999th Infantry Divisions, Named Infantry Divisions, and Special Divisions in WWII. Mechanicsburg, PA, United States: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3437-0.
- Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007b). German Order of Battle. Vol. Three: Panzer, Panzer Grenadier, and Waffen SS Divisions in WWII. Mechanicsburg, PA, United States: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3438-7.
- Ruffner, Kevin (1997). Luftwaffe Field Divisions, 1941–45. Men-at-Arms 229. Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-100-9.