The market for luxury goods in China composes a significant proportion of all luxury goods sales worldwide.[1] In 2012, China surpassed Japan as the world's largest luxury market.[2] According to a report by McKinsey in 2019, Chinese consumers are the engine of worldwide growth in luxury spending[3] According to a report by Bain in 2021, China's luxury spending is expected to reach more than half the global market value of luxury goods by 2025.[4] This rapid growth has been explained partly by the luxury consumption habits of the post 1980's generation influenced by the Chinese economic reforms of the 1990s leading to rapid growth in economic conditions and China's one-child policy.[1]
Market characteristics
editChinese luxury goods consumers are younger than their European counterparts, belonging to the 18-50 age group, compared to Europe's consumers who are generally in the over 40 age group. For this reason, China's luxury goods market is expected to grow faster than that of Europe's.[5] Many of the young luxury goods buyers are self-employed or professionals. According to the consulting firm McKinsey & Company, 80% of Chinese luxury goods buyers are under 45, compared with 30% of luxury goods buyers in the United States and 19% in Japan.[6] Retail sales in China account for only 7% of global retail sales of luxury consumer goods; however, Chinese buyers account for 25% of global retail sales of luxury consumer goods. Many shops in international travel destinations have specialized staff devoted to Chinese customers.[7]
According to 2007 Global Luxury Survey by Time magazine, most luxury goods buyers in China buy luxury products as a status symbol. The top five luxury watch brands in the country are Rolex, Omega, Cartier, Vacheron Constantin, and Breitling.[8]
In a confidential report titled "China Luxury Market study 2010" in November 2010, the management consulting firm Bain & Company noted the top three luxury brands in China are Louis Vuitton, Chanel and Gucci. According to the report, watches and bags led the growth of the luxury market in 2010. The report documented the top three luxury brands in the country for the following products:[9]
| Product | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cosmetics, perfumes and personal care | Chanel | Lancôme | Dior |
| Watches | Rolex | Omega | Cartier |
| Suitcases and handbags | Louis Vuitton | Gucci | Chanel |
| Menswear | Giorgio Armani | Ermenegildo Zegna | Versace |
| Jewelry | Cartier | Tiffany and Co | Chow Tai Fook |
| Shoes | Salvatore Ferragamo | Prada | Chanel |
| Womenswear | Chanel | Burberry | Giorgio Armani |
Following a ban instituted in October, 2012 on government agencies purchasing luxury goods, often used as "gifts", sales of luxury goods in China remained strong, but slowed, even falling slightly for some luxury retailers in the 4th quarter of 2012.[7]
As of February 2014 2/3rds of the luxury goods purchased by the wealthy in the People's Republic of China were purchased by tourists in Europe and the United States where, particularly in Europe, high-end retailers have hired staffed fluent in Mandarin.[10]
Hong Kong and Macau benefit from favorable taxation rules and are favored locations for tourists from elsewhere in China to purchase luxury goods like cosmetics, jewelry, and designer fashion goods.[11]: 116
Luxury cars
editMajor global luxury brands like Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Audi, and Lexus have operations in China. Audi, which has dominated China's luxury car market for more than two decades, is the market leader in the luxury car segment, with China being Audi's second largest market in the world. However Audi's market share in this category is gradually falling as BMW and Mercedes-Benz are adopting new strategies to boost sales. According to data from Global Insight, Audi's market share in China decreased from 66% in 2004 to 42% in 2009, while the market share of BMW and Mercedes-Benz increased from 7% to 23%, and 9% to 16%, respectively. BMW is enlarging its current plant in China and building a second one.[12]
Audi is still the dominant choice of car in the government fleet market.[13] BMW sales are growing but is perceived to be for the newly rich.[13] Mercedes is seen to be for old folks.[13] Brands such as BMW and Audi are designing customized cars for the Chinese luxury car market. BMW designed a model with a longer wheelbase especially for government officials in order to give the back seat passenger more space.[14]
According to Stephan Winkelmann, CEO of Lamborghini, "China's super car market is growing faster than our expectations, while the Western markets are declining. The strong demand will soon make China our second biggest market after the United States. If the high taxes on luxury cars are removed, China could very well become the biggest market."[15]
As of 2013 the trend continued as the number of luxury cars and SUVs shown expanded at the Shanghai auto show and plans were announced by both foreign and domestic auto manufacturers to introduce new models in China and increase production of larger cars.[16]
Watches
editSwiss shipments of high-end watches, favored as gifts meant to curry favor and caricatured as a symbol of corruption, after peaking in 2012, dropped off in 2013.[17]
Jewelry
editIn April, 2013 sales of gold and jewelry were 72% higher than in April, 2012.[18]
Other luxury goods
editPorcelain has long been one of China's most important luxury exports.[11]: 226 It was especially important to early trade between China and the West, with much of that trade being conducted through Macau.[11]: 226
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Cruz, Angela Gracia B. (2023-01-01). "Unconventional luxury brand collaborations: a new form of luxury consumption among young adults in China". International Marketing Review. 40 (7): 1–21. doi:10.1108/IMR-04-2022-0099. ISSN 0265-1335.
- ^ "China bans television ads for bling". Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ McKinsey (2019). "The Chinese luxury consumer". McKinsey Quarterly.
- ^ D'Arpizio, Claudia; Levato, Federica; Prete, Filippo; Gault, Constance; de Montgolfier, Joëlle (2021-01-14). "The Future of Luxury: Bouncing Back from Covid-19". Bain & Company. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
- ^ Keywords to learn China, The Korea IT Times, May 28, 2010.
- ^ China still has an appetite for luxury goods
- ^ a b Qu Yunxu (February 26, 2013). "China's Frills and Posh Market Springs a Leak: Wealthy Chinese consumers continue to drive global demand for luxury goods, but the engine is losing steam". Caixin. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
- ^ Global Luxury Survey: China, TIME.
- ^ China Luxury Market study 2010, Bain & Company.
- ^ "Catering to the Chinese Shopper’s Grand Tour" article by Nicola Clark in The New York Times February 3, 2014
- ^ a b c Simpson, Tim (2023). Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-5179-0031-1.
- ^ Audi’s Two-Decade China Dominance Threatened by BMW, Mercedes, April 21, 2010.
- ^ a b c ANDREW JACOBS; ADAM CENTURY (November 14, 2011). "In China, Car Brands Evoke an Unexpected Set of Stereotypes". The New York Times.
- ^ "Still racing ahead". The Economist. 9 March 2013.
- ^ Rich Chinese fueling luxury car market growth, People's Daily Online, April 29, 2010.
- ^ Keith Bradsher (April 21, 2013). "Chinese Auto Buyers Grow Hungry for Larger Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
- ^ Raphael Minder (April 26, 2013). "Watchmakers Find Gold Rush in China Is Slowing Down". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
- ^ Joe Weisenthal (May 13, 2013). "Chinese Gold Jewelry Sales Went Ballistic In April". Business Insider. Retrieved May 13, 2013.