Ly6 also known as lymphocyte antigen 6 or urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is family of proteins that share a common structure but differ in their tissue expression patterns and function. Ly6 are cysteine-rich proteins that form disulfide bridges and contain a LU domain. These proteins are GPI-anchored to the cell membrane or are secreted. A total of 35 human and 61 mouse Ly6 family members have been identified.[1] Depending on which tissues they are expressed in, LY6 family members have different roles. They are expressed in various types of tissues and their expression dependent on the stage of cell differentiation.[1][2] For example, they are involved in cell proliferation, cell migration, cell–cell interactions, immune cell maturation, macrophage activation, and cytokine production.[3][1] Their overexpression or dysregulation, for example due to point mutations, is associated with tumorogenesis and autoimmune diseases.[4][5] This family was discovered in the 1970s,[6] and these proteins are still used as markers of distinct stage of leukocyte differentiation.[3]
Gene organization
editGenes encoding human Ly6 family members are located in clusters on chromosomes 6, 8, 11 and 19. In the murine genome family members are located on chromosomes 17, 15, 9 and 7, respectively.[4][3][1] Genes encoding Ly6 proteins with one LU domain consist of 3 exons and 2 introns. The first exon encodes the signal peptide, Exons 2 and 3 encode the LU domain, and exon 3 also encodes the GPI anchor.[1]
Protein structure
editLy6 proteins are characterized by the LU domain. Typically, they contain one LU domain, but some members of the family have multiple LU domains. The LU domain consists of 60-80 AA and contains 10 cysteines arranged in a specific pattern that allows the creation of 5 disulfide bridges which in turn allow the formation of a three-fingered (3F) structural motif.[4][1]
Based on their subcellular localization, these proteins are classified as GPI-anchored to the cell membrane or secreted.[1]
Expression
editAlthough the Ly6 family members share a common structure, their expression varies in different tissues and is regulated depending on the stage of cell differentiation.
Many Ly6 family members are expressed in hematopoietic precursors and differentiated hematopoietic cells in a lineage-specific manner and making them useful cell surface markers for leukocytes, facilitating identification of distinct leukocyte sub-population.[3]
Further, the Ly6 family proteins are also expressed, for example, by sperm, neurons, keratinocytes and epithelial cells.[1]
Function
editLy6 family proteins have different functions depending on expression in different tissues. They play an important role in the immune response to infection and maintaining homeostasis in response to varying environmental conditions. It is involved in cell proliferation, cell migration, cell–cell interactions, immune cell maturation, macrophage activation, and cytokine production. It is also involved in complement activity, neuronal activity, angiogenesis, tumorogenesis and wound healing.[3][1]
Clinical relevance
editMany Ly6 family proteins (with the notable exception of SLURP1) are over-expressed in inflamed tissues and in tumors. They are therefore used as tumor markers and are also potential therapeutic targets.[1][6][4]
Some point mutations in Ly6 family proteins are associated with autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis vulgaris.[4]
Ly6 proteins
editExamples of Ly6 proteins include:
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Loughner CL, Bruford EA, McAndrews MS, Delp EE, Swamynathan S, Swamynathan SK (April 2016). "Organization, evolution and functions of the human and mouse Ly6/uPAR family genes". Human Genomics. 10 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/s40246-016-0074-2. PMC 4839075. PMID 27098205.
- ^ Lee PY, Wang JX, Parisini E, Dascher CC, Nigrovic PA (October 2013). "Ly6 family proteins in neutrophil biology". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 94 (4): 585–94. doi:10.1189/jlb.0113014. PMID 23543767. S2CID 1252351.
- ^ a b c d e Kong HK, Park JH (November 2012). "Characterization and function of human Ly-6/uPAR molecules". BMB Reports. 45 (11): 595–603. doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.11.210. PMC 4133805. PMID 23186997.
- ^ a b c d e Upadhyay G (2019). "Emerging Role of Lymphocyte Antigen-6 Family of Genes in Cancer and Immune Cells". Frontiers in Immunology. 10: 819. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00819. PMC 6491625. PMID 31068932.
- ^ Sidenius N, Blasi F (June 2003). "The urokinase plasminogen activator system in cancer: recent advances and implication for prognosis and therapy". Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 22 (2–3): 205–22. doi:10.1023/A:1023099415940. PMID 12784997. S2CID 5765336.
- ^ a b McKenzie IF, Gardiner J, Cherry M, Snell GD (March 1977). "Lymphocyte antigens: Ly-4, Ly-6, and Ly-7". Transplantation Proceedings. 9 (1): 667–9. PMID 68598.