Lychniscosida (sometimes spelled Lychniscosa) is an order of sponges belonging to the class Hexactinellida and subclass Hexasterophora.[1][2] They are dictyonal sponges (with parenchymal spicules fully fused into a 3D framework) characterized by the presence of additional struts at the nodes of the skeleton. These struts create octahedral frames, known as lychniscs ("lanterns").
| Lychniscosida Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Hexactinellida |
| Subclass: | Hexasterophora |
| Order: | Lychniscosida Schrammen, 1903 |
Most members of the order are extinct, with their highest diversity as major reef builders in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.[3] A few uncertain[4] claims of Triassic lychniscosids have also been reported from China.[5][6] Only three genera are still alive today:[7] Lychnocystis (family Aulocystidae),[8] Neoaulocystis (family Aulocystidae),[8] and Scleroplegma (family Diapleuridae).[9]
Families
edit- Aulocystidae [Cretaceous–Holocene]
- †Callodictyonidae [Upper Jurassic[3]–Oligocene]
- †Calyptrellidae [Upper Cretaceous][3]
- †Camerospongiidae [Cretaceous][3]
- †Coeloptychidae [Cretaceous][3]
- †Cypelliidae [Jurassic][3]
- †Dactylocalycidae [Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous]
- Diapleuridae [Eocene[10]–Holocene]
- †Polyblastidiidae [Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous][3]
- †Sporadopylidae [Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous][3]
- †Ventriculitidae [Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous][3]
References
edit- ^ "Lychniscosida". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ^ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Order Lychniscosida Schrammen, 1903", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1377–1377, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_142, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
- ^ Pisera, Andrzej; Bodzioch, Adam (1991). "Middle Triassic lyssacinosan sponges from Upper Silesia (southern Poland), and the history of hexactinosan and Iychniscosan sponges". Acta Geologica Polonica. 41 (3–4): 193–207.
- ^ Wendt, J.; Wu, Xichun; Reinhardt, J.W. (1989). "Deep-water hexactinellid sponge mounds from the upper triassic of northern Sichuan (China)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 76 (1–2): 17–29. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90100-4.
- ^ Wendt, Jobst (2001). "Upper Triassic (Carnian) mud mounds from northern Sichuan (China)". Acta Geologica Polonica. 51 (1): 1–13.
- ^ "Lychniscosida". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species.
- ^ a b Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Aulocystidae Sollas, 1887", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1378–1382, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_143, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Diapleuridae Ijima, 1927", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1383–1385, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_144, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2023-05-02
- ^ Frisone, Viviana; Pisera, Andrzej; Preto, Nereo (2016-01-18). "A highly diverse siliceous sponge fauna (Porifera: Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) from the Eocene of north-eastern Italy: systematics and palaeoecology". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 949–1002. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1132015. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 87329356.