Lycodes esmarkii, Esmark's eelpout or the greater eelpout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. This species is found in the North Atlantic Ocean.
| Lycodes esmarkii | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Zoarcidae |
| Genus: | Lycodes |
| Species: | L. esmarkii
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| Binomial name | |
| Lycodes esmarkii Collett, 1875
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Taxonomy
editLycodes esmarkii was first formally described by the Norwegian zoologist Robert Collett with the type locality given as Varanger Fjord in northern Norway.[3] The specific name honours Collett's fellow Norwegian zoologist Lauritz Martin Esmark, who was the first to recognise that this taxon was a new species but who pernmitted Collett to describe it as such.[4]
Description
editLycodes esmarkii has a dark uper body with a pale lower body, the two colour areas being sharply demarcated, there are between 4 and 9 irregular, pale bands which vary from simple stripes to more complex shapes. A white bar runs across the head and there are two spots above the lobes of the operculum. The peritoneum and inside of the mouth are black. The elongate body has a depth at the origin of the anal fin of between 11% and 14% of its total length. This is a long-tailed eelpout, with the distance from the snout to the origin of the anal fin being equivalent of 36% to 44% of the total length. The head is moderate in size being equal to 21% to 25% of the total length. The origin of the dorsal fin is over the centre of the pectoral fin, the pectoral fins are rounded and of moderate length. There is a double lateral line with a lower branch running near to the anal fin and a branch along the middle of the flank. The pores on the head are small and the body has a dense covering of scales. The length of the row of teeth on the premaxilla is longer than the row on the palatine. This is a large species and has benn recorded as attaining a total length of 102 cm (40 in) off Iceland.[5]
Distribution and habitat
editLycodes esmarkii is found in the North Atlantic Ocean from Virginia to Labrador, as well as Baffin Island, Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, It is also found along the Norwegian coast, the southeastern Barents Sea and Svalbard. It occurs along the Wyville Thomson Ridge as far south as the Shetland Islands and as far south as Stadt in Norway. The greater eelpout is a bathdemersal species which occurs at depths between 143 and 1,090 m (469 and 3,576 ft) where the temperature varies between −0.6 and 5.6 °C (30.9 and 42.1 °F). It is found on soft substrates.[5]
Biology
editLycodes esmarkii has a diet which is heavily dominated by brittle stars.[2] ). Females reach sexual maturity at a length of around 35 cm (14 in) while for males it is attained at around 38 cm (15 in) in the Davis Strait. They may reach an age of 12 years, based on otoliths sampled from a specimen with a total length of 63 cm (25 in) taken in the Barents Sea.[5]
References
edit- ^ Nielsen, J.; Knudsen, S. & Uiblein, F. (2015). "Lycodes esmarkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18179820A45903918. Retrieved 9 November 2022. Scope: Europe
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Lycodes esmarkii". FishBase. June 2022 version.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lycodes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (6 May 2022). "Order Perciformes Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Family: Zoarcidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ^ a b c C. W. Mecklenburg; A. Lynghammar; E. Johannesen; et al. (2018). Marine Fishes of the Arctic Region Volume 1. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. pp. 322–323. ISBN 978-9935-431-69-1.