Meyrick Edward Clifton James (April 1898 – 5 May 1963) was an actor and soldier, with a resemblance to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery which was used by British intelligence as part of a deception campaign during the Second World War.
Meyrick Edward Clifton James | |
|---|---|
 Clifton James posing as General Montgomery | |
| Born | April 1898 Perth, Australia |
| Died | 5 May 1963 (aged 65) Worthing, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service | British Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 1940–1946 |
| Rank | Lieutenant (WWII) |
| Service number | 141055 (WWII) |
| Unit | Royal Fusiliers (WWI) Royal Army Pay Corps (WWII) |
| Battles / wars | |
| Other work | Actor |
Early life
editClifton James was born in Perth, Western Australia, but left for England with his parents at two years of age. He became a stage actor of no particular distinction apart from his physical resemblance to Montgomery.
He was descended from early settlers of Western Australia of some interest to historians. His father, John Charles Horsey James was W.A.'s first Commissioner of Titles, a (nominated) member of the Western Australian Legislative Council 1887–1888, Judge of the Supreme Court, and president of the Western Australian Cricket Association 1884–1899.[1] His mother was Rebecca Catherine Clifton.[2][3]
Career
editAfter serving in the Royal Fusiliers during the First World War, and seeing action at the Battle of the Somme, James took up acting, "starting at 15 shillings weekly with Fred Karno, who put Chaplin on the road to fame".[4]
At the outbreak of the Second World War, he volunteered his services to the British Army as an entertainer. Instead of being assigned to ENSA, as he had hoped, James was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Army Pay Corps on 11 July 1940,[5] and eventually posted to Leicester. There, his acting seemed to be limited to his membership of the Pay Corps Drama and Variety Group. He was promoted to lieutenant on 11 January 1942.[6]
In 1944, his resemblance to Montgomery was spotted, and he was employed to pretend to be the general as part of a campaign designed to deceive the Germans in the lead-up to D-Day.
Operation Copperhead
editIn 1944, about seven weeks before D-Day, Lieutenant-Colonel J. V. B. Jervis-Reid noticed James' resemblance to Montgomery while he was reviewing photographs in a newspaper. James, it seemed, had "rescued" a failing patriotic show by appearing in it, quite briefly, as "Monty". MI5 decided to exploit that resemblance to confuse German intelligence. James was contacted by Lieutenant-Colonel David Niven, who worked for the Army's film unit, and was asked to go to London on the pretext of making a film.
When Niven explained that it was about something different, James supposedly burst into tears because he thought he had been exposed as a bigamist who was receiving a double marriage allowance. Like many of Niven's anecdotes, that one is viewed with scepticism.[7]
The planned ruse was part of a wider deception which aimed to divert German troops from Northern France, by convincing the Nazis that an Allied invasion of Southern France (Operation Dragoon) would precede a northern invasion.[8]
The plan was code-named Operation Copperhead, and James was assigned to Montgomery's staff to learn his speech and mannerisms. Despite the problems that he had with alcohol (Montgomery was teetotal), and the differences in personality, the project continued. James also had to give up smoking. James had lost his right-hand middle finger in the First World War and so a prosthetic finger was made.[9]
On 25 May 1944, James flew from RAF Northolt to Gibraltar on-board Churchill's private aircraft. During a reception at the Governor-General's house, hints were made about "Plan 303", a plan to invade southern France. German intelligence picked that up and ordered agents to find out what they could about "Plan 303". James then flew to Algiers where, over the next few days, he made a round of public appearances with General Maitland Wilson, the Allied commander in the Mediterranean theatre. James was then secretly flown to Cairo, where he stayed until the invasion in Normandy was well under way. He then returned to his previous job after an absence of five weeks.
Various reasons were put forward for the speedy conclusion of the operation, including the suggestion that James was seen in Gibraltar smoking and drunk (the real Montgomery was a non-smoking teetotaler), though the most likely explanation is the one put forward by Dennis Wheatley, who was part of the British deception efforts during the war. In The Deception Planners published in the 1980s, he stated that the operation was wound up successfully, its purpose having been accomplished. The effectiveness of the deception is hard to assess. According to captured enemy generals, German intelligence believed that it was Montgomery, though they still guessed that it was a feint.[7]
Post-war life
editAfter being demobilised in June 1946, James was unable to find theatrical employment, and was obliged to apply for unemployment benefits to support his wife and two children in London.[10]
I Was Monty's Double
editIn 1947, James had made a brief (non-speaking and uncredited) appearance as an extra in the film Holiday Camp, playing a holidaymaker in a dance floor scene, along with Jack Warner and Kathleen Harrison. In 1954, James published a book about his exploits, entitled I Was Monty's Double[11] (released in the US as The Counterfeit General Montgomery[12]). The book became the basis for the script of the 1958 film starring John Mills and Cecil Parker, with James playing himself and Montgomery. The script was "tweaked" for effect. "Operation Copperhead" became "Operation Hambone", and additional elements of comedy, danger and intrigue were added, including a fictional kidnapping attempt by enemy forces.[13] He also appeared in a short cameo role (again non-speaking and uncredited) as Field Marshal Montgomery (using a mix of original postwar footage of Monty inspecting an RAF passing-out parade and close-up shots of James) in the 1957 film High Flight, starring Ray Milland.[citation needed]
On 20 January 1959, James appeared on an episode of the American TV quiz show series To Tell the Truth, where a panel of celebrities had to ascertain which of the three uniformed actors present, all claiming to have been Monty's wartime double, was telling the truth.
Death
editJames died on 5 May 1963, at his home in Heatherstone Road in Worthing, Sussex, aged 65.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Death of Mr J. C. H. James". The West Australian. Vol. 15, no. 4, 035. Western Australia. 4 February 1899. p. 7. Retrieved 1 May 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Zalums, E. (1972). "John Charles Horsey James (1841–1899)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 13 June 2006.
- ^ Erickson, R. (1988). "East Perth Cemeteries". Bicentennial Dictionary of Western Australians: pre-1829–1888. p. 1618. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ Swainson, Leslie (27 August 1957). "No Clash of Arms in War Film". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
- ^ "No. 34905". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 July 1940. p. 4595.
- ^ "No. 35418". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 January 1942. p. 276.
- ^ a b Lord, Graham (2003). Niv: The Authorized Biography of David Niven. Orion Books.
- ^ Casey, Dr Dennis. "The impersonation of General Montgomery". Air Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 June 2006.
- ^ "Monty's Double Hoodwinked Nazis". Colborne Express. 25 October 1945. p. 7.
- ^ "Monty's Double Broke". The Northern Times. Carnarvon, Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 4 April 1947. p. 4. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
- ^ James, M. E. Clifton (1954). I Was Monty's Double. Hamilton and Co.
- ^ James, M. E. Clifton (1954). The Counterfeit General Montgomery. New York: Avon.
- ^ Vagg, Stephen (17 November 2020). "John Guillermin: Action Man". Filmink.
- ^ "Monty's 'double' dies". Worthing Gazette. 8 May 1963.
[...]died on Sunday at his Worthing home in Heatherstone Road.... aged 65... was bedridden for some time with severe bronchitis as a result of service in the 1914-18 war, when he was gassed.
Further reading
edit- James, M. E. Clifton I Doubled for Montgomery series in Sydney Morning Herald, 17–19 August 1946:
- 1: I Doubled for Montgomery 17 August 1946
- 2: Gibraltar Welcomed a False British Commander 19 August 1946
- 3: The General Went Home as a Lieutenant 20 August 1946
- James, M. E. Clifton How I Played General "Monty" series in The Age Literary Section, August–September 1946:
- In the Limelight of Suspicion. 31 August 1946
- Rehearsal and Departure. 7 September 1946
- Official Reception at Gibraltar. 14 September 1946
- Experiences in Africa. 21 September 1946
- Howard, Sir Michael, Strategic Deception (British Intelligence in the Second World War, Volume 5); Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990, p. 126
- Holt, Thaddeus, The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War; Scribner, New York, 2004, pp. 561–62, 815
- British National Archives, "A" Force Permanent Record File, Narrative War Diary, CAB 154/4 pp. 85–90